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Crosby SV, Ahmed IY, Osborn LR, Wang Z, Schleiff MA, Fantegrossi WE, Nagar S, Prather PL, Boysen G, Miller GP. Similar 5F-APINACA Metabolism between CD-1 Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes Involves Different P450 Cytochromes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080773. [PMID: 36005645 PMCID: PMC9413144 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, synthetic cannabinoids accounted for more than one-third of new drugs of abuse worldwide; however, assessment of associated health risks is not ethical for controlled and often illegal substances, making CD-1 mouse exposure studies the gold standard. Interpretation of those findings then depends on the similarity of mouse and human metabolic pathways. Herein, we report the first comparative analysis of steady-state metabolism of N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-pentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-APINACA/5F-AKB48) in CD-1 mice and humans using hepatic microsomes. Regardless of species, 5F-APINACA metabolism involved highly efficient sequential adamantyl hydroxylation and oxidative defluorination pathways that competed equally. Secondary adamantyl hydroxylation was less efficient for mice. At low 5F-APINACA concentrations, initial rates were comparable between pathways, but at higher concentrations, adamantyl hydroxylations became less significant due to substrate inhibition likely involving an effector site. For humans, CYP3A4 dominated both metabolic pathways with minor contributions from CYP2C8, 2C19, and 2D6. For CD-1 mice, Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c37, Cyp2c50, and Cyp2c54 contributed equally to adamantyl hydroxylation, but Cyp3a11 was more efficient at oxidative defluorination than Cyp2c members. Taken together, the results of our in vitro steady-state study indicate a high conservation of 5F-APINACA metabolism between CD-1 mice and humans, but deviations can occur due to differences in P450s responsible for the associated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Izzeldin Y. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Laura R. Osborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Mary A. Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - William E. Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Paul L. Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence:
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Schleiff MA, Flynn NR, Payakachat S, Schleiff BM, Pinson AO, Province DW, Swamidass SJ, Boysen G, Miller GP. Significance of Multiple Bioactivation Pathways for Meclofenamate as Revealed through Modeling and Reaction Kinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:133-141. [PMID: 33239334 PMCID: PMC7841419 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meclofenamate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pain yet poses a rare risk of hepatotoxicity through an unknown mechanism. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) bioactivation is a common molecular initiating event for hepatotoxicity. Thus, we hypothesized a similar mechanism for meclofenamate and leveraged computational and experimental approaches to identify and characterize its bioactivation. Analyses employing our XenoNet model indicated possible pathways to meclofenamate bioactivation into 19 reactive metabolites subsequently trapped into glutathione adducts. We describe the first reported bioactivation kinetics for meclofenamate and relative importance of those pathways using human liver microsomes. The findings validated only four of the many bioactivation pathways predicted by modeling. For experimental studies, dansyl glutathione was a critical trap for reactive quinone metabolites and provided a way to characterize adduct structures by mass spectrometry and quantitate yields during reactions. Of the four quinone adducts, we were able to characterize structures for three of them. Based on kinetics, the most efficient bioactivation pathway led to the monohydroxy para-quinone-imine followed by the dechloro-ortho-quinone-imine. Two very inefficient pathways led to the dihydroxy ortho-quinone and a likely multiply adducted quinone. When taken together, bioactivation pathways for meclofenamate accounted for approximately 13% of total metabolism. In sum, XenoNet facilitated prediction of reactive metabolite structures, whereas quantitative experimental studies provided a tractable approach to validate actual bioactivation pathways for meclofenamate. Our results provide a foundation for assessing reactive metabolite load more accurately for future comparative studies with other NSAIDs and drugs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alexandra Schleiff
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Sasin Payakachat
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Benjamin Mark Schleiff
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Anna O Pinson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Dennis W Province
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Grover P Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.A.S, G.P.M.) and Environmental and Occupational Health (G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona (M.A.S.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (N.R.F., S.J.S.); Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arizona (S.P.); and Independent Researcher (B.M.S.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.O.P., D.W.P.), Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
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