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Sabry BA, Badr AN, Mohammed DM, Desoukey MA, Farouk A. Validating the protective role of orange and tangerine peel extracts foramending food safety against microorganisms' contamination using molecular docking. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27737. [PMID: 38509881 PMCID: PMC10950677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Latest studies indicated that agro-food wastes are considered renewable sources of bioactive compounds. This investigation aimed to utilize natural extracts of citrus peels as antimicrobial and anti-aflatoxigenic agents for food safety. The bioactivity of two citrus peels was assessed by total phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Nanoemulsions were manufactured using high-speed homogenization. The mean particle size of the nanoemulsions ranged from 29.41 to 66.41 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.11-0.16. The zeta potential values ranged from -14.27 to -26.74 mV, indicating stability between 81.44% and 99.26%. The orange peel extract showed the highest contents of total phenolic and flavonoids compared to the other extracts and nanoemulsions (39.54 mg GAE/g and 79.54 mg CE/100 g, respectively), which agreed with its potential antioxidant activity performed by DPPH free radical-scavenging and ABTS assays. Chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and catechin were the dominant phenolic acids in the extracts and nanoemulsions, while quercitrin, rutin, and hesperidin were the most abundant flavonoids. Limonene was the major volatile component in both oils; however, it was reduced dramatically from 92.52% to 76.62% in orange peel oil and from 91.79 to 79.12% in tangerine peel oil. Consistent with the differences in phenolics, flavonoids, and volatiles between orange and tangerine peel extracts, the antibacterial properties of orange extracts had more potential than tangerine ones. Gram-positive bacteria were more affected by all the examined extracts than Gram-negative ones. The antifungal activity of orange extract and nanoemulsion on seven fungal strains from Aspergillus spp had more potential than tangerine extracts. Additionally, using a simulated media, the orange peel extract and its nanoemulsion had a more anti-aflatoxigenic influence. Molecular docking confirmed the high inhibitory action of flavonoids, especially hesperidin, on the polyketide synthase (-9.3 kcal/mol) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (-10.1 kcal/mol) key enzymes of the aflatoxin biosynthetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A. Sabry
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Noah Badr
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Dina Mostafa Mohammed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Desoukey
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amr Farouk
- Flavour and Aroma Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Zhao Q, Ye Z, Deng Y, Chen J, Chen J, Liu D, Ye X, Huan C. An advance in novel intelligent sensory technologies: From an implicit-tracking perspective of food perception. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13327. [PMID: 38517017 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Food sensory evaluation mainly includes explicit and implicit measurement methods. Implicit measures of consumer perception are gaining significant attention in food sensory and consumer science as they provide effective, subconscious, objective analysis. A wide range of advanced technologies are now available for analyzing physiological and psychological responses, including facial analysis technology, neuroimaging technology, autonomic nervous system technology, and behavioral pattern measurement. However, researchers in the food field often lack systematic knowledge of these multidisciplinary technologies and struggle with interpreting their results. In order to bridge this gap, this review systematically describes the principles and highlights the applications in food sensory and consumer science of facial analysis technologies such as eye tracking, facial electromyography, and automatic facial expression analysis, as well as neuroimaging technologies like electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, we critically compare and discuss these advanced implicit techniques in the context of food sensory research and then accordingly propose prospects. Ultimately, we conclude that implicit measures should be complemented by traditional explicit measures to capture responses beyond preference. Facial analysis technologies offer a more objective reflection of sensory perception and attitudes toward food, whereas neuroimaging techniques provide valuable insight into the implicit physiological responses during food consumption. To enhance the interpretability and generalizability of implicit measurement results, further sensory studies are needed. Looking ahead, the combination of different methodological techniques in real-life situations holds promise for consumer sensory science in the field of food research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhiyue Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Deng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianle Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Cheng Huan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Zhang B, Su D, Song Y, Li H, Chen C, Liao L, Zhang H, Luo J, Yang M, Zhu G, Ai Z. Yueju volatile oil plays an integral role in the antidepressant effect by up-regulating ERK/AKT-mediated GLT-1 expression to clear glutamate. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105583. [PMID: 37336418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the volatile oil of Yueju (YJVO) and its constituent herbs induced the detection of 52 compounds in YJVO, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as a small amount of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. 5 of these compounds were found only in the YJVO instead of the volatile oil of its constituent herbs. The anti-depressant effect of YJVO was proved by behavioral tests in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. An acute oral toxicity evaluation determined the LD50 of YJVO was 5.780 mL/kg. Doppler ultrasound and laser speckle imaging have detected that the YJVO could improve depression-related cerebral blood flow. In addition, related neurotransmitters and proteins were analyzed through targeted metabolomics and immunofluorescence. The potential antidepressant mechanisms of YJVO related to significantly decreasing Glu in CUMS mice by up-regulating the ERK/AKT-mediated expression of GLT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bike Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Changlian Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Liangliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Genhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Ueda K, Horita T, Suzuki T. Effects of inhaling essential oils of Citrus limonum L., Santalum album, and Cinnamomum camphora on human brain activity. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2889. [PMID: 36624922 PMCID: PMC9927848 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential oil inhalation has various effects on the human body. However, its effects on cognitive function and the neural basis remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of inhaling lemon, sandalwood, and kusunoki essential oils on human brain activity and memory function using multichannel electroencephalography and brain source activity estimation. METHODS Participants performed a letter 2-back working memory task during electroencephalography measurements before and after essential oil inhalation. Brain activation, task difficulty, concentration degree, and task performance were compared among the essential oils and a fragrance-free control. RESULTS Task performance significantly improved after lemon essential oil inhalation. Lemon essential oil inhalation resulted in delta and theta band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and insula. During inhalation, persistent alpha band activation was observed in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus. Sandalwood essential oil inhalation led to beta and gamma band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that different essential oils have specific effects on brain activity related to emotion and memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ueda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Komini A, Kokka I, Vlachakis D, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Bacopoulou F. A Systematic Review on the Adult Alpha Brainwave Activity After Essential Oil Inhalation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1425:545-553. [PMID: 37581828 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Aroma extracts from plant species have been utilized since ancient times for a variety of discomforting circumstances. Aromatherapy is a recognized complementary therapeutic treatment performed in various ways such as massage or dermal application, with its main uses involving relaxation, pain relief, and stress management. Several studies have outlined that inhalation of fragrance may influence the brain function since their components can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with central nervous system receptors. The aim of this review was to systematically present findings regarding alpha brain wave activity reported exclusively by electroencephalography. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The PubMed and Scopus databases were screened for relevant papers, based on specific eligibility criteria. The final step of the process resulted in 13 studies published between 1998 and 2021, using different essential oils. Most of the studies revealed the increase of alpha brainwave activity post-essential oil inhalation. Given the proven positive outcomes of increased alpha wave activity on several domains such as cognitive performance and better mental state, further research on the impact of essential oil inhalation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Komini
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioulia Kokka
- Outpatient Specialty Clinic for Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine, and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Gunasekara N, Gaeta G, Levy A, Boot E, Tachtsidis I. fNIRS neuroimaging in olfactory research: A systematic literature review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1040719. [PMID: 36620865 PMCID: PMC9815777 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of key features which make olfaction difficult to study; subjective processes of odor detection, discrimination and identification, and individualistic odor hedonic perception and associated odor memories. In this systematic review we explore the role functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has played in understanding olfactory perception in humans. fNIRS is an optical neuroimaging technique able to measure changes in brain hemodynamics and oxygenation related to neural electrical activity. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, results of this search found that generally the majority of studies involving healthy adult subjects observed increased activity in response to odors. Other population types were also observed, such as infants, individuals with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dysosmia. fNIRS coverage heavily favored the prefrontal cortex, temporal and parietal regions. This review finds that odor induced cortical activation is dependent on multiple factors, such as odorant type, gender and population type. This review also finds that there is room for improvement in areas such as participant diversity, use of wearable fNIRS systems, physiological monitoring and multi-distance channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gunasekara
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Natalie Gunasekara
| | - Giuliano Gaeta
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Levy
- MetaboLight Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom,MetaboLight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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Chung YH, Chen SJ, Lee CL, Wu CW, Chang YS. Relaxing Effects of Breathing Pseudotsuga menziesii and Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils on Psychophysiological Status in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15251. [PMID: 36429972 PMCID: PMC9690885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of breathing Pseudotsuga menziesii (P. menziesii) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) essential oils (EOs) during a horticultural activity on older adults. A total number of 92 older adult (71.2 ± 7.7 years old) participants were guided through a leaf printing procedure. In the meantime, water vapor and EOs were diffused in an orderly manner. The heart rate variability-related parameters as well as the brain waves were recorded. In addition, we also collected data for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) questionnaires before and after the whole indoor natural activity program. The physiological parameters including standard deviation of normal to normal intervals, normalized high frequency (nHF), and high alpha wave increased while the normalized low frequency (nLF), the ratio of LF-to-HF power, high beta wave, and gamma wave decreased following the breathing of P. menziesii and L. angustifolia EOs. These changes indicated a relaxing effect of breathing both EOs during a horticultural activity on older adults. Our results demonstrated a beneficial effect of P. menziesii EO which is as good as a well-known relaxant L. angustifolia EO. This notion was supported by the results of STAI-S. Here we developed an indoor natural activity program for older adults to promote physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chung
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jen Chen
- College of Nursing and Health, Kang Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Luug Lee
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Hungkuo Delin University of Technology, New Taipei 236354, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Hawkins J, Hires C, Dunne E, Keenan L. Effects of antioxidant supplement on immune health and physical wellbeing: A randomized, controlled trial. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 9:180-184. [PMID: 35757181 PMCID: PMC9212968 DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Maintaining a healthy immune system came to the forefront of people’s minds as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was introduced. Antioxidants contained in dark berries have been shown to support the physical wellbeing of otherwise healthy adults. Adding a supplement rich in dark berries and citrus essential oils contributes antioxidants to the body and serves as an aid to reduce free radicals. Aim We evaluated the effects of an antioxidant rich supplement on immune health and overall physical wellbeing compared to a control group. Method Participants were otherwise healthy adults, aged 18–60 years old, and were placed in either the antioxidant supplement group or control group using adaptive randomization. Data was collected at day 1 and 60. The Physical Health Questionnaire was used to measure the primary outcomes of this study. The immune health was reflected through the Jackson Symptom Scale. Results 155 participants were analyzed. Participants who consumed the antioxidant beverage saw improvements to overall health which dramatically exceeded those of the control group. The sleep domain produced improvements which represented disturbances in sleep habits as they pertain to general health. Those in the supplement group who reported illness, had illnesses lasting 1–2 days while those in the control group had illnesses lasting from 1 to 9 days. Conclusion Length of illness was shorter and sleep duration improved in the supplement group compared to the control group. Daily consumption of 60 ml of the antioxidant drink NingXia RedⓇ showed significant improvement after 60 days.
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Bunse M, Daniels R, Gründemann C, Heilmann J, Kammerer DR, Keusgen M, Lindequist U, Melzig MF, Morlock GE, Schulz H, Schweiggert R, Simon M, Stintzing FC, Wink M. Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956541. [PMID: 36091825 PMCID: PMC9449585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g., in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bunse
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar R. Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Comparative and Correlation Analysis of Young and Mature Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) Leaf Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaffir lime is leaf-oriented minor citrus that required extra attention to study. This study aimed to (i) comparatively analyze the young and mature leaf morpho-ecophysiological characters; and (ii) perform a correlation analysis for revealing the relationship among the physiological characters. Plants were ten one-year-old kaffir lime trees cultured under full sun condition. Leaf size was measured by using a specific allometric model. The Li-6400XT portable photosynthesis system was used to observe the leaf ecophysiological characters. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in leaf size and physiology as the effect of leaf age. A significant size enlargement in mature leaves was noticed, especially in terms of leaf length, area, and weight, of about 77%, 177%, and 196%, respectively. Young leaves experienced a significant improvement in photosynthetic rate and actual water use efficiency for about 39% and 53%, respectively. Additionally, a strong, significant, and positive correlation between leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and photosynthetic rate was found in the present study. Further studies using a multi-omics approach may enrich the science between kaffir lime leaf maturation as the basis of agricultural modification practice.
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Hong M, Jang H, Bo S, Kim M, Deepa P, Park J, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. Changes in Human Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to Agastache rugosa Essential Oil Exposure. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12070238. [PMID: 35877308 PMCID: PMC9311756 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Agastache rugosa (Korean mint) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant and its aerial parts have a pleasant fragrance. A. rugosa leaves are used as an ingredient in salads and soups for enhancing the aroma and taste of foods in Korea. However, there is no report on the influence of the aroma of A. rugosa on human psychophysiological activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to the essential oil of Korean A. rugosa on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. The essential oil of A. rugosa was isolated using steam distillation extraction and its composition was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. In the EEG study, 38 healthy volunteers (19 men and 19 women) participated. The EEG readings were analyzed for 25 EEG indices from 29 electrodes placed on the scalp according to the international 10–20 system. The major component in the essential oil of A. rugosa was estragole (89.49%) followed by D-limonene (3.40%), menthone (1.80%), and pulegone (1.86%). In the EEG study, significant decreases in absolute theta (AT) and relative theta (RT) power spectra were observed during the exposure to A. rugosa essential oil when compared to that of no odor exposure. Whereas relative alpha (RA), relative slow alpha (RSA), spectral edge frequency 50% (SEF50), and spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha (ASEF) power spectra values significantly increased. These results reveal that the EEG power spectra changes incurred during the exposure to the essential oil of A. rugosa may be associated with the enhancement of freshness and concentration states of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Hong
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Hyejeong Jang
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Sela Bo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Jiyea Park
- Bigsome Inc., 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | | | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.H.); (H.J.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6447
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12
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Lazar V, Holban AM, Curutiu C, Ditu LM. Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Essential Oils and Inorganic Nanoparticles: Impact in Nutrition and Health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:920413. [PMID: 35873448 PMCID: PMC9305160 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.920413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays a crucial role in human health and disease; therefore, the modulation of this complex and yet widely unexplored ecosystem is a biomedical priority. Numerous antibacterial alternatives have been developed in recent years, imposed by the huge problem of antibioresistance, but also by the people demand for natural therapeutical products without side effects, as dysbiosis, cyto/hepatotoxicity. Current studies are focusing mainly in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with herbal and fruit essential oils (EOs) to fight resistant pathogens. This is due to their increased efficiency against susceptible, multidrug resistant and biofilm embedded microorganisms. They are also studied because of their versatile properties, size and possibility to ensure a targeted administration and a controlled release of bioactive substances. Accordingly, an increasing number of studies addressing the effects of functional nanoparticles and plant products on microbial pathogens has been observed. Regardless the beneficial role of EOs and NPs in the treatment of infectious diseases, concerns regarding their potential activity against human microbiota raised constantly in recent years. The main focus of current research is on gut microbiota (GM) due to well documented metabolic and immunological functions of gut microbes. Moreover, GM is constantly exposed to micro- and nano-particles, but also plant products (including EOs). Because of the great diversity of both microbiota and chemical antimicrobial alternatives (i.e., nanomaterials and EOs), here we limit our discussion on the interactions of gut microbiota, inorganic NPs and EOs. Impact of accidental exposure caused by ingestion of day care products, foods, atmospheric particles and drugs containing nanoparticles and/or fruit EOs on gut dysbiosis and associated diseases is also dissected in this paper. Current models developed to investigate mechanisms of dysbiosis after exposure to NPs/EOs and perspectives for identifying factors driving EOs functionalized NPs dysbiosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lazar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina-Maria Holban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Alina-Maria Holban
| | - Carmen Curutiu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lia Mara Ditu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Sinthupachee A, Koomhin P, Matan N, Matan N. Effect of combined treatment including
Listea cubeta
essential oil and wood smoke on
Aspergillus niger
development and consumer acceptability of dried catfish (
Ariidae
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apiram Sinthupachee
- Food Industry, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
- Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
| | - Phanit Koomhin
- Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
- School of Medicine Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
| | - Nirundorn Matan
- School of Engineering and Technology Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
| | - Narumol Matan
- Food Industry, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
- Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
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14
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Lin S, Wang Y, Wu K, Yu G, Liu C, Su C, Yi F. Study on the Effect of Mentha × piperita L. Essential Oil on Electroencephalography upon Stimulation with Different Visual Effects. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134059. [PMID: 35807305 PMCID: PMC9268669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils have long been used to fight infections and treat various diseases. Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is an herbal medicine that has been widely used in daily life since ancient times, and it has a wide range of applications in food, cosmetics, and medicine. Mint oil is refreshing because of its cool and comfortable smell; therefore, it is often used in ethnopharmacological studies. The present study investigated the effects of peppermint essential oil in electroencephalographic activity response to various visual stimuli. The electroencephalographic changes of participants during peppermint essential oil inhalation under white, red, and blue colour stimulations were recorded. A rapid Fourier transform analysis was used to examine the electroencephalograph power spectra of the various microstates induced by inhaling the oils. Peppermint essential oil had various effects on the brain when subjected to different visual stimuli. Alpha waves increased in the prefrontal area in the white-sniffing group, which facilitated learning and thinking. In the blue-sniffing group, the changes were less pronounced than those in the red group, and the increased alpha wave activity in the occipital area was more controlled, indicating that the participants’ visual function increased in this state. Based on EEG investigations, this is the first study to indicate that vision influences the effects of peppermint essential oils. Hence, the results of this study support the use of essential oils in a broader context to serve as a resource for future studies on the effects of different types of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Lin
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
| | - Genfa Yu
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
| | - Chuanxiang Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China;
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
| | - Fengping Yi
- Department of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (S.L.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (G.Y.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-60873280
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15
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Saengwong-Ngam R, Koomhin P, Songsamoe S, Matan N, Matan N. Combined effects of tangerine oil vapour mixed with banana flavour to enhance the quality and flavour of 'Hom Thong' bananas and evaluating consumer acceptance and responses using electroencephalography (EEG). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:968-978. [PMID: 35153323 PMCID: PMC8814102 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of tangerine oil (TO) at 25, 50 and 75 µL mixed with banana flavour (BF) at 25, 50 and 75 µL to protect the quality and enhance the flavour of bananas. Then, 25 µL TO + BF 50 µL were selected for studying the quality of bananas stored at 13 °C ± 2 °C for 7 days, and was used to test consumer brain responses using an electroencephalography (EEG). Results showed that mould grew and decomposition occurred in 10 and 50% of the 25 µL TO + 50 µL BF mixture and control, respectively, after 7 days. Furthermore, this ratio increased ripening by having higher L*, b*, firmness and total soluble solid than the control (p < 0.05), whereas titratable acidity and pH were maintained (p > 0.05). The EEG demonstrated that consumption of TO-treated banana could increase brain alertness using stimulating the beta wave activity on banana stimulations for human brain. Limonene, one of the main components of TO, was found in the flesh of treated banana after storage for 4 weeks and possibly interacted with other components to improve antifungal activity and brain response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinun Saengwong-Ngam
- Food Industry, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand ,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Phanit Koomhin
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand ,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Sumethee Songsamoe
- Food Industry, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand ,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Nirundorn Matan
- School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Narumol Matan
- Food Industry, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand ,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
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16
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Sattayakhom A, Songsamoe S, Yusakul G, Kalarat K, Matan N, Koomhin P. Effects of Thai Local Ingredient Odorants, Litsea cubeba and Garlic Essential Oils, on Brainwaves and Moods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102939. [PMID: 34063337 PMCID: PMC8156645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional food market is growing with a compound annual growth rate of 7.9%. Thai food recipes use several kinds of herbs. Lemongrass, garlic, and turmeric are ingredients used in Thai curry paste. Essential oils released in the preparation step create the flavor and fragrance of the famous tom yum and massaman dishes. While the biological activities of these ingredients have been investigated, including the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the responses to the essential oils of these plants. To investigate the effects of essential oil inhalation on the brain and mood responses, electroencephalography was carried out during the non-task resting state, and self-assessment of the mood state was performed. The essential oils were prepared in several dilutions in the range of the supra-threshold level. The results show that Litsea cubeba oil inhalation showed a sedative effect, observed from alpha and beta wave power reductions. The frontal and temporal regions of the brain were involved in the wave alterations. Garlic oil increased the alpha wave power at lower concentrations; however, a sedative effect was also observed at higher concentrations. Lower dilution oil induced changes in the fast alpha activity in the frontal region. The alpha and beta wave powers were decreased with higher dilution oils, particularly in the temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. Both Litsea cubeba and turmeric oils resulted in better positive moods than garlic oil. Garlic oil caused more negative moods than the others. The psychophysiological activities and the related brain functions require further investigation. The knowledge obtained from this study may be used to design functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apsorn Sattayakhom
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Sumethee Songsamoe
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.S.); (N.M.)
- School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Kosin Kalarat
- School of Informatics, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Narumol Matan
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.S.); (N.M.)
- School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Phanit Koomhin
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.S.); (N.M.)
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-95295-0550
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17
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Efendi D, Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Agusta A. Relationship among Agroclimatic Variables, Soil and Leaves Nutrient Status with the Yield and Main Composition of Kaffir Lime ( Citrus hystrix DC) Leaves Essential Oil. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050260. [PMID: 33922220 PMCID: PMC8145034 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed the impact growing location has on the quantity and quality of essential oils derived from numerous Citrus spp., except on the kaffir lime. This study aims to analyze the relationship shared by agroclimatic variables and soil-plant nutrient status to kaffir lime leaves essential oil yield and main composition. The experiment was conducted between February and April 2019 in four growing locations, namely Bogor (6°36′36″ S, 106°46′47″ E), West Bandung (6°48′12″ S, 107°39′16″ E), Pasuruan (7°45′5″ S, 112°40′6″ E) and Tulungagung (8°6′27″ S, 112°0′35″ E). The highest essential oil yield was obtained from Bogor (1.5%), while the lowest one was from Tulungagung (0.78%). The yield was positively and significantly correlated with the rainfall, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and macronutrient levels, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. Citronellal, the major component in metabolites’ profile of kaffir lime leaves essential oils, was significantly affected by the growing location. The absolute content of citronellal was positively and significantly correlated with the actual soil pH and leaf Ca content; furthermore, it negatively correlated with the leaf content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu. Pearson correlation analysis also showed (i) a negative significant correlation between the relative percentage of citronellol and annual rainfall intensity; (ii) a negative significant correlation between altitude and relative percentage of caryophyllene, and (iii) a positive significant correlation between the relative percentage of linalool and leaf K content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darda Efendi
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; (R.P.); (E.S.)
- Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (D.E.); (R.B.)
| | - Rahmat Budiarto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Study Program of Agronomy and Horticulture, Graduate School of IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (D.E.); (R.B.)
| | - Roedhy Poerwanto
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; (R.P.); (E.S.)
- Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Edi Santosa
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; (R.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Andria Agusta
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Science, Puspitek Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Banten, Indonesia; or
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