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Sellamuthu S, Chowdhury ZZ, Khalid K, Shibly SM, Rahman MM, Rana M, Badruddin IA, Khaleed HMT, Kamangar S, Johan MRB, Hussein M, Mitra A, Faisal AN. Mathematical Modelling and Optimization for Facile Synthesis of Structured Activated Carbon (ACs) from Adansonia kilima ( Baobab) Wood Chips Integrating Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis for the Elimination of Lead (II) Cations from Wastewater Effluents. Molecules 2023; 28:6640. [PMID: 37764415 PMCID: PMC10536714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from ligno-cellulosic residues of Adansonia kilima (Baobab) wood chips (AKTW) using two-step semi-carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis using microwave-induced heating (MWP) in the presence of a mild activating agent of K2CO3. The influence of process input variables of microwave power (x1), residence time (y1), and amount of K2CO3 (z1) were analysed to yield superior quality carbon having maximum removal efficiencies (R1) for lead (II) cations from waste effluents, fixed carbon percentages (R2), and carbon yield percentages (R3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to develop relevant mathematical models, with an appropriate statistical assessment of errors. Level factorial response surface methodology (RSM) relying on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented for the experimental design. The surface area and porous texture of the samples were determined using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption/desorption curves based on the N2 isotherm. Surface morphological structure was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to observe the thermal stability of the sample. Change in the carbon content of the samples was determined using ultimate analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to observe the crystalline and amorphous texture of the samples. The retention of a higher proportion of fixed carbon (80.01%) ensures that the synthesized adsorbent (AKTWAC) will have a greater adsorption capacity while avoiding unwanted catalytic activity for our synthesized final sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhana Sellamuthu
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Zaira Zaman Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Shahjalal Mohd. Shibly
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Md Mahfujur Rahman
- Institute of Halal Management, Islamic Business School, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah 06010, Malaysia
| | - Masud Rana
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. M. T. Khaleed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University, Madinah Munawwarra 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Rafie Bin Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of Chiemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajita Mitra
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Abu Nasser Faisal
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
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Bogusz R, Smetana S, Wiktor A, Parniakov O, Pobiega K, Rybak K, Nowacka M. The selected quality aspects of infrared-dried black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae pre-treated by pulsed electric field. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Manyatsi TS, Al-Hilphy AR, Majzoobi M, Farahnaky A, Gavahian M. Effects of infrared heating as an emerging thermal technology on physicochemical properties of foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6840-6859. [PMID: 35225100 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2043820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) radiation is part of an electromagnetic spectrum between the ultraviolet and microwave regions. IR radiation impacts the surface of the food, generating heat that can be used as an efficient drying technique. Apart from drying, IR heating is an emerging food processing technology with applications in baking, roasting, microbial inactivation, insect control, extraction for antioxidant recovery, peeling, and blanching. Physicochemical properties such as texture, color, hardness, total phenols, and antioxidants capability of foods are essential quality attributes that affect the food quality. In this regard, the main objective of this review study was to highlight and discuss the effects of IR heating on food quality to expand its food applications and commercial adoption. The fundamental mechanisms, type of emitters, and IR processing parameters are discussed in this review to explore their impacts on food quality. Infrared heating has been shown that the appropriate operating conditions (distance, exposure time, IR power, and temperature) with high heat transfer, thus leading to a shorter drying time. Besides, IR heating used in food processing to improve food-surface color and flavor, it also enhances hardness, firmness, shrinkage, crispiness, and viscosity. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity is enhanced, and some nutrients are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabani Sydney Manyatsi
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Asaad R Al-Hilphy
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Mahsa Majzoobi
- Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Asgar Farahnaky
- Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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Joseph Bassey E, Cheng JH, Sun DW. Improving drying kinetics, physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus species) by novel infrared drying. Food Chem 2021; 375:131886. [PMID: 34972021 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of tray rotation speeds (TRS: 0, 20, 40 rpm), temperatures (50, 60, 70 °C) and wavelength spectra (mid and near-infrared) were comparatively evaluated on improving drying kinetics, physicochemical properties and bioactive content of red dragon fruits. Results indicated that successive increases in TRS and temperature led to significant reductions in drying time and increases in drying rates and moisture diffusivity. High TRS (40 rpm) and lower temperatures (50, 60 °C) also improved colour, total soluble solids, rehydration ratio, total phenolics and flavonoid contents, betalain content and antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, NIR drying presented a more energy-efficient approach, but with substantial reductions in quality properties compared with MIR drying. Overall, the results suggested the importance of wavelength absorption properties of plant tissues and potential avoidance of localized overheating for enhanced efficiency during infrared drying and prompted the development of suitable approaches and optimization studies for improving efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edidiong Joseph Bassey
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Selected Quality Parameters of Air-Dried Apples Pretreated by High Pressure, Ultrasounds and Pulsed Electric Field-A Comparison Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081943. [PMID: 34441719 PMCID: PMC8393259 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare selected physicochemical properties of air dried ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, pretreated either by high-pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US) or pulsed electric field (PEF). Following parameters of pretreatment were used: HPP–400 MPa for 15 min, US–21 kHz, 180 W for 45 min, PEF–1 kV/cm, 3.5 kJ/kg. The quality of materials was evaluated by their rehydration properties, hygroscopicity, color and total phenolic content. To compare the effectiveness of the utilized methods, determined properties were expressed as relative comparison values against the reference sample obtained without any pretreatment in the same conditions. The performed research demonstrated that properties can be shaped by the application of proper pretreatment methods. For instance, PEF was shown to be the best method for improving water uptake during rehydration, whereas HPP was the most effective in decreasing hygroscopic properties in comparison with untreated dried apples. Among the investigated methods, HPP resulted in the deepest browning and thus total color difference, while the effects of US and PEF were comparable. For all pretreated dried apples, the total phenolic content was lower when compared with reference material, though the smallest drop was found in sonicated samples.
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Effect of Pretreatments on Convective and Infrared Drying Kinetics, Energy Consumption and Quality of Terebinth. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the influence of convective drying (50, 60, and 70 °C) and infrared (IR) power (250, 500, and 750 W) on the drying kinetics, the specific energy consumption of terebinth drying as well as quality and bioactive compounds upon various pretreatments such as ultrasound (US), blanching (BL), and microwave (MW). Compared to convective drying, IR drying decreased more the drying time and energy consumption (SEC). Application of higher IR powers and air temperatures accelerated the drying process at lower energy consumption (SEC) and higher energy efficiency and moisture diffusion. Terebinth dried by a convective dryer at 60 °C with US pretreatment showed a better color compared to other samples. It also exhibited the polyphenol and flavonoid content of 145.35 mg GAE/g d.m. and 49.24 mg QE/g d.m., respectively, with color variations of 14.25 and a rehydration rate of 3.17. The proposed pretreatment methods significantly reduced the drying time and energy consumption, and from the other side it increased energy efficiency, bioactive compounds, and quality of the dried samples (p < 0.01). Among the different pretreatments used, microwave pretreatment led to the best results in terms of the drying time and SEC, and energy efficiency. US pretreatment showed the best results in terms of preserving the bioactive compounds and the general appearance of the terebinth.
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Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to the Fumigation of Two Essential Satureja Oils: Optimization and Modeling. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the numerous side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, harmful effects on non-target organisms and pest resistance, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. In this paper, the susceptibility of the cosmopolitan, polyphagous, stored-product pest Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) to the fumigation of the essential oils of two important medicinal and food additive plants, Satureja hortensis and S. intermedia, was investigated. The insecticidal properties of the essential oils were modeled and optimized using response surface methodology. It was found that a maximum significant mortality of 94.72% and 92.97% could be achieved within 72 h with the applications of 55.15 µL/L of S. hortensis (with the linear model) and 58.82 µL/L of S. intermedia (with the quadratic model), respectively. There were insecticidal terpenes and phenylpropanoids in both essential oils, including thymol (50.8%), carvacrol (11.2%) and p-cymene (13.4%), in the S. intermedia and estragole (68.0%) and methyl eugenol (5.6%) in the S. hortensis. It was suggested that the essential oils of S. hortensis and S. intermedia could be offered as promising pesticidal agents against T. castaneum for further studies in the management of such pests instead of detrimental synthetic pesticides.
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A Novel Rotary Dryer Filled with Alumina Ceramic Beads for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new type of rotary dryer filled with inert alumina ceramic bead (ACB) fillers was introduced to treat the industrial wastewater, e.g., the high-salt wastewater and landfill leachate. Numerical simulations based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) on the motion trajectory of ACB fillers in the rotary dryer were conducted, and the parameters of flight structure, rotational speed, and filling degree on the dynamic behavior of ACB fillers were optimized. Under various rotational speeds and filling degrees, the experimental results fit the numerical-simulated results very well. The optimized flight configuration was the straight flights with a length of 65 mm, and the optimized rotational speed and filling degree were 35 rpm and 15%, respectively. Under the optimized condition, both the response variables, the mass of particles in the airborne phase (MAP) and the percentage of occupied area in the airborne region (OAR), have the optimal values, in which the dryer will have a better drying performance. Besides, the lower-right area of the drum is empty which is convenient for the installation of the inlet pipe. The drying experiments of industrial wastewaters were also studied using this ACB filled rotary drum dryer under the optimized conditions. Under the optimal operational conditions, the evaporation capacities of the high-salt wastewater and landfill leachate could reach as high as 49.7 kg/h and 90 kg/h, respectively. This study highlights the integration of evaporation and drying processes of this novel ACB filled rotary dryer and provides an efficient and zero-liquid-emission strategy for the thermal treatment of industrial wastewater.
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