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Graff Reis J, Dai Prá I, Michelon W, Viancelli A, Piedrahita Marquez DG, Schmitz C, Maraschin M, Moura S, Thaís Silva I, de Oliveira Costa G, Tizziani T, Sandjo LP, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Characterization of Planktochlorella nurekis Extracts and Virucidal Activity against a Coronavirus Model, the Murine Coronavirus 3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15823. [PMID: 36497896 PMCID: PMC9735810 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Certain members of the Coronaviridae family have emerged as zoonotic agents and have recently caused severe respiratory diseases in humans and animals, such as SARS, MERS, and, more recently, COVID-19. Antivirals (drugs and antiseptics) capable of controlling viruses at the site of infection are scarce. Microalgae from the Chlorellaceae family are sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor activity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate various extracts from Planktochlorella nurekis in vitro against murine coronavirus-3 (MHV-3), which is an essential human coronavirus surrogate for laboratory assays. Methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of P. nurekis were tested in cells infected with MHV-3, and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the application of chemometrics through principal component analysis (PCA). All the extracts were highly efficient against MHV-3 (more than a 6 Log unit reduction), regardless of the solvent used or the concentration of the extract, but the dichloromethane extract was the most effective. Chemical characterization by spectrophotometry and NMR, with the aid of statistical analysis, showed that polyphenols, carbohydrates, and isoprene derivatives, such as terpenes and carotenoids have a more significant impact on the virucidal potential. Compounds identified by UPLC-MS were mainly lipids and only found in the dichloromethane extract. These results open new biotechnological possibilities to explore the biomass of P. nurekis; it is a natural extract and shows low cytotoxicity and an excellent antiviral effect, with low production costs, highlighting a promising potential for development and implementation of therapies against coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Graff Reis
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dai Prá
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - William Michelon
- Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Viancelli
- Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Schmitz
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- LBIOP—Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
| | - Izabella Thaís Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Geovanna de Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tizziani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Louis P. Sandjo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Section, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Centre for Emerging pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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