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Zhou T, Li X. Chemically modified seaweed polysaccharides: Improved functional and biological properties and prospective in food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13396. [PMID: 38925601 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides are natural biomacromolecules with unique physicochemical properties (e.g., good gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties) and diverse biological activities (e.g., anticoagulant, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and antitumor effects). Furthermore, they are nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable, and abundant in resources. Therefore, they have been widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, their properties and bioactivities sometimes are not satisfactory for some purposes. Modification of polysaccharides can impart the amphiphilicity and new functions to the biopolymers and change the structure and conformation, thus effectively improving their functional properties and biological activities so as to meet the requirement for targeted applications. This review outlined the modification methods of representative red algae polysaccharides (carrageenan and agar), brown algae polysaccharides (fucoidan, alginate, and laminaran), and green algae polysaccharides (ulvan) that have potential food applications, including etherification, esterification, degradation, sulfation, phosphorylation, selenylation, and so on. The improved functional properties and bioactivities of the modified seaweed polysaccharides and their potential food applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Kajla P, Chaudhary V, Dewan A, Bangar SP, Ramniwas S, Rustagi S, Pandiselvam R. Seaweed-based biopolymers for food packaging: A sustainable approach for a cleaner tomorrow. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133166. [PMID: 38908645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing environmental and health consequences of uncontrolled plastic use, the scientific community is progressively gravitating toward biodegradable and ecofriendly packaging alternatives. Seaweed polysaccharides have attracted attention recently because of their biodegradability, nontoxicity, antioxidant properties, and superior film-forming ability. However, it has some limitations for packaging applications, such as low tensile strength, water solubility, and only modest antimicrobial properties. The incorporation of biopolymers, nanoparticles, or organic active ingredients enhances these characteristics. This review encapsulates the contemporary research landscape pivoting around the role of seaweed polysaccharides in the development of bioplastics, active packaging solutions, edible films, and protective coatings. A meticulous collation of existing literature dissects the myriad food application avenues for these marine biopolymers, emphasizing their multifaceted physical, mechanical, thermal, and functional attributes, including antimicrobial and antioxidant. A key facet of this review spotlights environmental ramifications by focusing on their biodegradability, reinforcing their potential as a beacon of sustainable innovation. This article delves into the prevalent challenges that stymie large-scale adoption and commercialization of seaweed-centric packaging, offering a comprehensive perspective on this burgeoning domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kajla
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Vandana Chaudhary
- College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India.
| | - Aastha Dewan
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, 29634, USA
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod 671 124, Kerala, India.
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3
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El-Nablaway M, Rashed F, Taher ES, Atia GA, Foda T, Mohammed NA, Abdeen A, Abdo M, Hînda I, Imbrea AM, Taymour N, Ibrahim AM, Atwa AM, Ibrahim SF, Ramadan MM, Dinu S. Bioactive injectable mucoadhesive thermosensitive natural polymeric hydrogels for oral bone and periodontal regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1384326. [PMID: 38863491 PMCID: PMC11166210 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1384326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammation-related condition, caused by an infectious microbiome and host defense that causes damage to periodontium. The natural processes of the mouth, like saliva production and eating, significantly diminish therapeutic medication residency in the region of periodontal disease. Furthermore, the complexity and diversity of pathological mechanisms make successful periodontitis treatment challenging. As a result, developing enhanced local drug delivery technologies and logical therapy procedures provides the foundation for effective periodontitis treatment. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily administered to the periodontal tissues, hydrogels have sparked substantial an intense curiosity in the discipline of periodontal therapy. The primary objective of hydrogel research has changed in recent years to intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels, that involve local adjustable sol-gel transformations and regulate medication release in reaction to temperature, we present a thorough introduction to the creation and efficient construction of new intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels for periodontal regeneration. We also address cutting-edge smart hydrogel treatment options based on periodontitis pathophysiology. Furthermore, the problems and prospective study objectives are reviewed, with a focus on establishing effective hydrogel delivery methods and prospective clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Rashed
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ehab S. Taher
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Gamal A. Atia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Tarek Foda
- Oral Health Sciences Department, Temple University’s Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nourelhuda A. Mohammed
- Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al Karak, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ioana Hînda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Imbrea
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Noha Taymour
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya M. Ibrahim
- Department of Administration and Nursing Education, College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port-Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Ramadan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Akbar WA, Rahim HU, Rutigliano FA. Microbial- and seaweed-based biopolymers: Sources, extractions and implications for soil quality improvement and environmental sustainability - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120964. [PMID: 38692027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Improving soil quality without creating any environmental problems is an unescapable goal of sustainable agroecosystem management, according to the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Therefore, sustainable solutions are in high demand. One of these is the use of biopolymers derived from microbes and seaweed. This paper aims to provide an overview of the sources of extraction and use of microbial (bacteria and cyanobacteria) and seaweed-based biopolymers as soil conditioners, the characteristics of biopolymer-treated soils, and their environmental concerns. A preliminary search was also carried out on the entire Scopus database on biopolymers to find out how much attention has been paid to biopolymers as biofertilizers compared to other applications of these molecules until now. Several soil quality indicators were evaluated, including soil moisture, color, structure, porosity, bulk density, temperature, aggregate stability, nutrient availability, organic matter, and microbial activity. The mechanisms involved in improving soil quality were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ali Akbar
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi, n. 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Hafeez Ur Rahim
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Flora Angela Rutigliano
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi, n. 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Kokkuvayil Ramadas B, Rhim JW, Roy S. Recent Progress of Carrageenan-Based Composite Films in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1001. [PMID: 38611259 PMCID: PMC11014226 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, as concerns about petrochemical-derived polymers increase, interest in biopolymer-based materials is increasing. Undoubtedly, biopolymers are a better alternative to solve the problem of synthetic polymer-based plastics for packaging purposes. There are various types of biopolymers in nature, and mostly polysaccharides are used in this regard. Carrageenan is a hydrophilic polysaccharide extracted from red algae and has recently attracted great interest in the development of food packaging films. Carrageenan is known for its excellent film-forming properties, high compatibility and good carrier properties. Carrageenan is readily available and low cost, making it a good candidate as a polymer matrix base material for active and intelligent food packaging films. The carrageenan-based packaging film lacks mechanical, barrier, and functional properties. Thus, the physical and functional properties of carrageenan-based films can be enhanced by blending this biopolymer with functional compounds and nanofillers. Various types of bioactive ingredients, such as nanoparticles, natural extracts, colorants, and essential oils, have been incorporated into the carrageenan-based film. Carrageenan-based functional packaging film was found to be useful for extending the shelf life of packaged foods and tracking spoilage. Recently, there has been plenty of research work published on the potential of carrageenan-based packaging film. Therefore, this review discusses recent advances in carrageenan-based films for applications in food packaging. The preparation and properties of carrageenan-based packaging films were discussed, as well as their application in real-time food packaging. The latest discussion on the potential of carrageenan as an alternative to traditionally used synthetic plastics may be helpful for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kokkuvayil Ramadas
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
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Gericke M, Amaral AJR, Budtova T, De Wever P, Groth T, Heinze T, Höfte H, Huber A, Ikkala O, Kapuśniak J, Kargl R, Mano JF, Másson M, Matricardi P, Medronho B, Norgren M, Nypelö T, Nyström L, Roig A, Sauer M, Schols HA, van der Linden J, Wrodnigg TM, Xu C, Yakubov GE, Stana Kleinschek K, Fardim P. The European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE) research roadmap 2040: Advanced strategies for exploiting the vast potential of polysaccharides as renewable bioresources. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121633. [PMID: 38142079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are among the most abundant bioresources on earth and consequently need to play a pivotal role when addressing existential scientific challenges like climate change and the shift from fossil-based to sustainable biobased materials. The Research Roadmap 2040 of the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE) provides an expert's view on how future research and development strategies need to evolve to fully exploit the vast potential of polysaccharides as renewable bioresources. It is addressed to academic researchers, companies, as well as policymakers and covers five strategic areas that are of great importance in the context of polysaccharide related research: (I) Materials & Engineering, (II) Food & Nutrition, (III) Biomedical Applications, (IV) Chemistry, Biology & Physics, and (V) Skills & Education. Each section summarizes the state of research, identifies challenges that are currently faced, project achievements and developments that are expected in the upcoming 20 years, and finally provides outlines on how future research activities need to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gericke
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adérito J R Amaral
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES Paris, PSL University, CEMEF - Center for Materials Forming, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pieter De Wever
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Herman Höfte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anton Huber
- University Graz, Inst.f. Chem./PS&HC - Polysaccharides & Hydrocolloids, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janusz Kapuśniak
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Waszyngtona 4/8, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Medronho
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Center, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Magnus Norgren
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Center, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Aalto University, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Laura Nyström
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Roig
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michael Sauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tanja M Wrodnigg
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Åbo Akademi University, Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Soft Matter Biomaterials and Biointerfaces, Food Structure and Biomaterials Group, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Stana Kleinschek
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Pedro Fardim
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Galasso C, Ruocco N, Mutalipassi M, Barra L, Costa V, Giommi C, Dinoi A, Genovese M, Pica D, Romano C, Greco S, Pennesi C. Marine polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and silica for drug delivery systems: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127145. [PMID: 37778590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine environments represent an incredible source of biopolymers with potential biomedical applications. Recently, drug delivery studies have received great attention for the increasing need to improve site specificity, therapeutic value, and bioavailability, reducing off-target effects. Marine polymers, such as alginate, carrageenan, collagen, chitosan, and silica, have reported unique biochemical features, allowing an efficient binding with drugs, and a controlled release to the target tissue, also obtainable through "green processes". In the present review, we i) analysed the last ten years of scientific peer-reviewed literature; ii) divided the articles based on the achieved experimental phases, tagged as chemistry, drug release, and drug delivery, and iii) compared the best performances among marine polymers extracted from micro- and macro-organisms. Many reviews describe drug carriers from marine organisms, focusing on a single biopolymer or a chemical class. Our study is a groundbreaking literature collection, representing the first thorough investigation of all marine biopolymers described. Most articles report experimental results on the chemical characterisation of marine biopolymers and their in vitro behaviour as drug carriers, although development processes and commercial applications are still in the early stages. Hence, the next efforts should be focused on the sustainable production of marine polymers and final product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Galasso
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy.
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy.
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Barra
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Valentina Costa
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Chiara Giommi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Alessia Dinoi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Martina Genovese
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Daniela Pica
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Chiara Romano
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, 9, 12042 Pollenzo, Bra CN, Italy
| | - Silvestro Greco
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Chiara Pennesi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, Amendolara, Italy.
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8
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Jannat K, Balakrishnan R, Han JH, Yu YJ, Kim GW, Choi DK. The Neuropharmacological Evaluation of Seaweed: A Potential Therapeutic Source. Cells 2023; 12:2652. [PMID: 37998387 PMCID: PMC10670678 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are the seventh leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Clinical observations of NDD patients are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain along with memory decline. The common pathological hallmarks of NDDs include oxidative stress, the dysregulation of calcium, protein aggregation, a defective protein clearance system, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and damage to cholinergic neurons. Therefore, managing this pathology requires screening drugs with different pathological targets, and suitable drugs for slowing the progression or prevention of NDDs remain to be discovered. Among the pharmacological strategies used to manage NDDs, natural drugs represent a promising therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the neuroprotective potential of seaweed and its bioactive compounds, and safety issues, which may provide several beneficial insights that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoshnur Jannat
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.J.); (J.-H.H.); (Y.-J.Y.); (G.-W.K.)
| | - Rengasamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun-Hyuk Han
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.J.); (J.-H.H.); (Y.-J.Y.); (G.-W.K.)
| | - Ye-Ji Yu
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.J.); (J.-H.H.); (Y.-J.Y.); (G.-W.K.)
| | - Ga-Won Kim
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.J.); (J.-H.H.); (Y.-J.Y.); (G.-W.K.)
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.J.); (J.-H.H.); (Y.-J.Y.); (G.-W.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea;
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9
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Tripathi AS, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Dubey BK, Singh P, Rind L, Yadav RK. Material matters: exploring the interplay between natural biomaterials and host immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269960. [PMID: 37936689 PMCID: PMC10627157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used for various medical purposes, for instance, implants, tissue engineering, medical devices, and drug delivery systems. Natural biomaterials can be obtained from proteins, carbohydrates, and cell-specific sources. However, when these biomaterials are introduced into the body, they trigger an immune response which may lead to rejection and failure of the implanted device or tissue. The immune system recognizes natural biomaterials as foreign substances and triggers the activation of several immune cells, for instance, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which recruit other immune cells to the implantation site. The activation of the immune system can lead to an inflammatory response, which can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the type of natural biomaterial and the extent of the immune response. These biomaterials can also influence the immune response by modulating the behavior of immune cells. For example, biomaterials with specific surface properties, such as charge and hydrophobicity, can affect the activation and differentiation of immune cells. Additionally, biomaterials can be engineered to release immunomodulatory factors, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, to promote a tolerogenic immune response. In conclusion, the interaction between biomaterials and the body's immune system is an intricate procedure with potential consequences for the effectiveness of therapeutics and medical devices. A better understanding of this interplay can help to design biomaterials that promote favorable immune responses and minimize adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bidhyut Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhjot Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Laiba Rind
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
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Baghel RS, Choudhary B, Pandey S, Pathak PK, Patel MK, Mishra A. Rehashing Our Insight of Seaweeds as a Potential Source of Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Pharmaceuticals. Foods 2023; 12:3642. [PMID: 37835294 PMCID: PMC10573080 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In a few Southeast Asian nations, seaweeds have been a staple of the cuisine since prehistoric times. Seaweeds are currently becoming more and more popular around the world due to their superior nutritional value and medicinal properties. This is because of rising seaweed production on a global scale and substantial research on their composition and bioactivities over the past 20 years. By reviewing several articles in the literature, this review aimed to provide comprehensive information about the primary and secondary metabolites and various classes of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, and essential fatty acids, along with their bioactivities, in a single article. This review also highlights the potential of seaweeds in the development of nutraceuticals, with a particular focus on their ability to enhance human health and overall well-being. In addition, we discuss the challenges and potential opportunities associated with the advancement of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals derived from seaweeds, as well as their incorporation into different industrial sectors. Furthermore, we find that many bioactive constituents found in seaweeds have demonstrated potential in terms of different therapeutic attributes, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties. In conclusion, seaweed-based bioactive compounds have a huge potential to play an important role in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. However, future research should pay more attention to developing efficient techniques for the extraction and purification of compounds as well as their toxicity analysis, clinical efficacy, mode of action, and interactions with regular diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Baghel
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji 403004, Goa, India;
| | - Babita Choudhary
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonika Pandey
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Manish Kumar Patel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Krishna Perumal P, Dong CD, Chauhan AS, Anisha GS, Kadri MS, Chen CW, Singhania RR, Patel AK. Advances in oligosaccharides production from algal sources and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108195. [PMID: 37315876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, algal-derived glycans and oligosaccharides have become increasingly important in health applications due to higher bioactivities than plant-derived oligosaccharides. The marine organisms have complex, and highly branched glycans and more reactive groups to elicit greater bioactivities. However, complex and large molecules have limited use in broad commercial applications due to dissolution limitations. In comparison to these, oligosaccharides show better solubility and retain their bioactivities, hence, offering better applications opportunity. Accordingly, efforts are being made to develop a cost-effective method for enzymatic extraction of oligosaccharides from algal polysaccharides and algal biomass. Yet detailed structural characterization of algal-derived glycans is required to produce and characterize the potential biomolecules for improved bioactivity and commercial applications. Some macroalgae and microalgae are being evaluated as in vivo biofactories for efficient clinical trials, which could be very helpful in understanding the therapeutic responses. This review discusses the recent advancements in the production of oligosaccharides from microalgae. It also discusses the bottlenecks of the oligosaccharides research, technological limitations, and probable solutions to these problems. Furthermore, it presents the emerging bioactivities of algal oligosaccharides and their promising potential for possible biotherapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchurajan Krishna Perumal
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Mohammad Sibtain Kadri
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City-804201, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Wang C, Wang S, Zeng N, Péré M, Xu G, Zou J, Zhou A. Effect of kelp powder on the resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in the gut of hybrid snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108916. [PMID: 37355219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
To assess the level of oxidative stress, expression of immune-related genes, histomorphology, and changes in the intestinal tract of hybrid snakeheads(Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂) under stress from kelp powder in place of flour against Aeromonas hydrophila. We set up experimental diets: a control (C) diet of 20% flour, an experimental (MR) diet of 10% kelp powder and 10% flour, and an experimental (FR) diet of 0% starch and 15% kelp powder. The experimental fish in each group were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila after 60 days of feeding. For this experiment, some of the experimental fish in group C were injected with PBS as a negative control group (PBS). The results showed that the C group had significantly higher SOD, CAT, and T-AOC activity and expression of TAK1, IKKβ, IL-1β, and TNF-α genes in the MyD88 pathway than the PBS group. CAT activity and the expression of TAK1, IL-1β and TNF-α genes in the MyD88 pathway were significantly lower in the MR group than in the C group. Furthermore, the number of goblet cells in the MR group was significantly higher than in the C group. Furthermore, microorganisms such as Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota were significantly lower in the C group than in the PBS and FR groups, as were beneficial bacteria such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Sphingomonas. Replacing flour with kelp powder increases hybrid snakehead gut resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shaodan Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Nanyang Zeng
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Maxime Péré
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 16 510070, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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13
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Jayakumar A, Radoor S, Siengchin S, Shin GH, Kim JT. Recent progress of bioplastics in their properties, standards, certifications and regulations: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163156. [PMID: 37003328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact associated with fossil fuel-based polymers has paved the way to explore biopolymer-based plastics, their properties, and their applications. Bioplastics are polymeric materials that are greatly interesting due to their eco-friendlier and non-toxic nature. In recent years, exploring the different sources of bioplastics and their applications has become one of the active research areas. Biopolymer-based plastics have applications in food packaging, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agricultural, automotive and cosmetic sectors. Bioplastics are considered safe, but there are several economic and legal challenges to implementing them. Hence, this review aims to i) outline the terminology associated with bioplastics, its global market, major sources, types and properties of bioplastics, ii) discuss the major bioplastic waste management and recovery options, iii) provide the major standards and certifications regarding bioplastics, iv) explore the various country-wise regulations and restrictions associated with bioplastics, and v) enumerate the various challenges and limitations associated with bioplastics and future directions. Therefore, providing adequate knowledge about various bioplastics, their properties and regulatory aspects can be of great importance in the industrialization, commercialization and globalization of bioplastics to replace petroleum-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Wang K, Qin L, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu M, Qu C, Miao J. κ-Selenocarrageenan Oligosaccharides Prepared by Deep-Sea Enzyme Alleviate Inflammatory Responses and Modulate Gut Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054672. [PMID: 36902109 PMCID: PMC10003262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
κ-Selenocarrageenan (KSC) is an organic selenium (Se) polysaccharide. There has been no report of an enzyme that can degrade κ-selenocarrageenan to κ-selenocarrageenan oligosaccharides (KSCOs). This study explored an enzyme, κ-selenocarrageenase (SeCar), from deep-sea bacteria and produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, which degraded KSC to KSCOs. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses demonstrated that purified KSCOs in hydrolysates were composed mainly of selenium-galactobiose. Organic selenium foods through dietary supplementation could help regulate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study discussed the effects of KSCOs on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that KSCOs alleviated the symptoms of UC and suppressed colonic inflammation by reducing the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and regulating the unbalanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10). Furthermore, KSCOs treatment regulated the composition of gut microbiota, enriched the genera Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Ruminococcus and inhibited Dubosiella, Turicibacter and Romboutsia. These findings proved that KSCOs obtained by enzymatic degradation could be utilized to prevent or treat UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.M.)
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.M.)
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15
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Lin TY, Lo HC, Qiu WL, Chao CH, Lu MK, Hsu HY. Biochemical characterization and anti-cancer activity of tangential flow filtration system assisted purification of fucoglucan from Laminaria japonica. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1-9. [PMID: 36528139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica (LJPS) exhibits multiple biological functions. However, we found that crude LJPS doesn't show good anti-lung cancer activity in this study. We therefore used tangential flow filtration (TFF) system to optimize the anticancer activity of LJPS. We divided the crude LJPS into two fractions by TFF system with a 10 kDa filter and denoted as retentate (10K-R) and filtration (10K-F). The chemical assay revealed that the main molecular mass of 10K-R and 10K-F is about 985 and 3 kDa, respectively. The main components of 10K-R include fucose (19.3 %), and glucose (59.5 %); while glucose (88.6 %) is a major component of 10K-F. Biological functions showed that 10K-R but not 10K-F inhibited the viability and mobility of cancer cells. 10K-R downregulated expressions of transforming growth factor β receptor and Slug, and inhibited intracellular signaling molecules, including FAK, AKT, ERK1/2, and Smad2. This study is the first concept to purify the polysaccharide by TFF system and showed the potential mechanism of 10K-R inhibited cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Chih Lo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsein Chao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yeh Hsu
- Institute of Taiwan Fucoidan Development, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Karuppusamy S, Rajauria G, Fitzpatrick S, Lyons H, McMahon H, Curtin J, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell C. Biological Properties and Health-Promoting Functions of Laminarin: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:772. [PMID: 36547919 PMCID: PMC9780867 DOI: 10.3390/md20120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algal species comprise of a large portion of polysaccharides which have shown multifunctional properties and health benefits for treating and preventing human diseases. Laminarin, or β-glucan, a storage polysaccharide from brown algae, has been reported to have potential pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and neuroprotective potential. It has been widely investigated as a functional material in biomedical applications as it is biodegradable, biocompatible, and is low toxic substances. The reported preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the potential of laminarin as natural alternative agents in biomedical and industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, functional food, drug development/delivery, and cosmeceuticals. This review summarizes the biological activities of laminarin, including mechanisms of action, impacts on human health, and reported health benefits. Additionally, this review also provides an overview of recent advances and identifies gaps and opportunities for further research in this field. It further emphasizes the molecular characteristics and biological activities of laminarin in both preclinical and clinical settings for the prevention of the diseases and as potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugapriya Karuppusamy
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Clash, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
| | | | - Henry Lyons
- Nutramara Ltd., Beechgrove House Strand Street, V92 FH0K Tralee, Ireland
| | - Helena McMahon
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland
| | - James Curtin
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, D01 K822 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh K. Tiwari
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Donnell
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Lisha VS, Kothale RS, Sidharth S, Kandasubramanian B. A critical review on employing algae as a feed for polycarbohydrate synthesis. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Antioxidant and Teratogenic Activities of Formulated Agar Extracted from Brown Seaweed Turbinaria conoides against Zebrafish Larvae. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3520336. [PMID: 35859996 PMCID: PMC9293546 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3520336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the antioxidant and teratogenic effects of two different type's methods of formulating agar from Turbinaria conoides (T. conoides) using a zebrafish model. The agar was extracted using the aqueous extraction method and developed in two different formulations using separate procedures. Formulated agar1 (FA1) used a higher concentration of the ingredients while formulated agar 2 (FA2) had a lesser concentration. The two unique formulated agars (FAs) were studied using biochemical composition, Fourier infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activities of both FAs in vitro were shown to be significantly different (P < 0.05) at various concentrations (60–180 μl/ml) in the study. The toxicity of the FAs was dose-dependent, with FA1 having the least teratogenic activity when compared to FA2. In comparison to FA2, FA1 was found to have higher antioxidant activity. At various concentrations (0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 μg/ml), the teratogenic activity of two FAs was examined in zebrafish embryos (ZFE) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Both FAs exhibit dose-dependent toxicity and increased antioxidant activity, and this can be utilized as an alternative for standard antioxidants, according to this study.
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19
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Conventional vs. Innovative Protocols for the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Macroalgae. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae are one of the most environmentally friendly resources, and their industrial by-products should also be sustainable. Algal polysaccharides represent valuable products, and the definition of new eco-sustainable extraction processes, ensuring a safe and high-quality product, is a new goal in the context of reducing the carbon footprint. The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of the extraction methodology on the properties and structure of the polysaccharides, comparing conventional and innovative microwave-assisted methods. We focused on extraction times, yield, chemical composition and, finally, biological activities of raw polymers from three macroalgal species of Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyceae. The main objective was to design a sustainable process in terms of energy and time savings, with the aim of developing subsequent application at the industrial level. Extraction efficacy was likely dependent on the physico-chemical polysaccharide properties, while the use of the microwave did not affect their chemical structure. Obtained results indicate that the innovative method could be used as an alternative to the conventional one to achieve emulsifiers and bacterial antiadhesives for several applications. Natural populations of invasive algae were used rather than cultivated species in order to propose the valorization of unwanted biomasses, which are commonly treated as waste, converting them into a prized resource.
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Izawa H, Yonemura T, Nakamura Y, Toyoshima Y, Kawakami M, Saimoto H, Ifuku S. Hierarchical surface wrinkles and bumps generated on chitosan films having double-skin layers comprising topmost carrageenan layers and polyion complex layers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer bioactivities of seaweed polysaccharides. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:528-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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The Efficacy of Double-Heart Nursing in Combination with Seaweed Polysaccharide for Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Complicated with Diabetes: A Pilot, Randomized Clinical Trial. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2159660. [PMID: 35419116 PMCID: PMC9001089 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2159660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study and explore the effect of double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide on improving the self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes. Methods Eligible 214 patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital between year 2017 and 2020 were randomized at a ratio of 1 : 1 to either control group (seaweed polysaccharide) or observation group (double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide). The self-efficacy and quality of life of the two groups of patients after treatment were compared. Results The observation group reported a lower blood glucose level after treatment vs. the control group [(6.28 ± 4.49/8.24 ± 2.01) vs. (7.74 ± 4.18/11.41 ± 3.12)] (p < 0.05); a lower incidence of lesions in the observation group versus the control group after treatment (p < 0.05); and significantly lower SAS and SDS scores of the observation group vs. the control group was observed [(41.27 ± 4.08/43.81 ± 2.93) vs. (62.74 ± 3.48/61.58 ± 3.85)] (p < 0.05). Regarding the self-efficacy, the observation group was superior to the control group after treatment (p < 0.05). The treatment with double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide was associated with the improvement of the quality of life with respect to social function, psychological function, and material life (each p < 0.05). The observation obtained a significantly higher satisfaction rate in comparison with the control group [107 (98.13%) vs.95 (88.80%)] (p < 0.05). Conclusion Seaweed polysaccharide and double-heart nursing might be practical in improving the self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, compared with conventional clinical treatment alone.
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Aswathi Mohan A, Robert Antony A, Greeshma K, Yun JH, Ramanan R, Kim HS. Algal biopolymers as sustainable resources for a net-zero carbon bioeconomy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126397. [PMID: 34822992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The era for eco-friendly polymers was ushered by the marine plastic menace and with the discovery of emerging pollutants such as micro-, nano-plastics, and plastic leachates from fossil fuel-based polymers. This review investigates algae-derived natural, carbon neutral polysaccharides and polyesters, their structure, biosynthetic mechanisms, biopolymers and biocomposites production process, followed by biodegradability of the polymers. The review proposes acceleration of research in this promising area to address the need for eco-friendly polymers and to increase the cost-effectiveness of algal biorefineries by coupling biofuel, high-value products, and biopolymer production using waste and wastewater-grown algal biomass. Such a strategy improves overall sustainability by lowering costs and carbon emissions in algal biorefineries, eventually contributing towards the much touted circular, net-zero carbon future economies. Finally, this review analyses the evolution of citation networks, which in turn highlight the emergence of a new frontier of sustainable polymers from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aswathi Mohan
- Sustainable Resources Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Aiswarya Robert Antony
- Sustainable Resources Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Kozhumal Greeshma
- Sustainable Resources Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rishiram Ramanan
- Sustainable Resources Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India; Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Chen CC, Chen YY, Yeh CC, Hsu CW, Yu SJ, Hsu CH, Wei TC, Ho SN, Tsai PC, Song YD, Yen HJ, Chen XA, Young JJ, Chuang CC, Dou HY. Alginate-Capped Silver Nanoparticles as a Potent Anti-mycobacterial Agent Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746496. [PMID: 34899300 PMCID: PMC8660078 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although progress has been made in TB control, still about 10 million people worldwide develop TB annually and 1.5 million die of the disease. The rapid emergence of aggressive, drug-resistant strains and latent infections have caused TB to remain a global health challenge. TB treatments are lengthy and their side effects lead to poor patient compliance, which in turn has contributed to the drug resistance and exacerbated the TB epidemic. The relatively low output of newly approved antibiotics has spurred research interest toward alternative antibacterial molecules such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In the present study, we use the natural biopolymer alginate to serve as a stabilizer and/or reductant to green synthesize AgNPs, which improves their biocompatibility and avoids the use of toxic chemicals. The average size of the alginate-capped AgNPs (ALG-AgNPs) was characterized as nanoscale, and the particles were round in shape. Drug susceptibility tests showed that these ALG-AgNPs are effective against both drug-resistant Mtb strains and dormant Mtb. A bacterial cell-wall permeability assay showed that the anti-mycobacterial action of ALG-AgNPs is mediated through an increase in cell-wall permeability. Notably, the anti-mycobacterial potential of ALG-AgNPs was effective in both zebrafish and mouse TB animal models in vivo. These results suggest that ALG-AgNPs could provide a new therapeutic option to overcome the difficulties of current TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Yeh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Wei
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Ni Ho
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chu Tsai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Deng Song
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Yen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xin-An Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Jong Young
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chung Chuang
- School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Dental Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Belattmania Z, Bhaby S, Nadri A, Khaya K, Bentiss F, Jama C, Reani A, Vasconcelos V, Sabour B. Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content, Chemical Characteristics, and Gelling Properties. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120672. [PMID: 34940671 PMCID: PMC8703883 DOI: 10.3390/md19120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agar is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from certain marine red algae, and its gel properties depend on the seaweed source and extraction conditions. In the present study, the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) was investigated for its agar content, structure, and gel properties. The agar yields of G. gracilis were 20.5% and 15.6% from alkaline pretreatment and native extraction, respectively. Agar with alkaline pretreatment showed a better gelling property supported by higher gel strength (377 g·cm-2), gelling (35.4 °C), and melting (82.1 °C) temperatures with a notable increase in 3,6-anhydro-galactose (11.85%) and decrease in sulphate (0.32%) contents. The sulfate falling subsequent to alkaline pretreatment was verified through FT-IR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that alkaline-pretreated agar has a typical unsubstituted agar pattern. However, native agar had a partially methylated agarose structure. Overall, this study suggested the possibility of the exploitation of G. gracilis to produce a fine-quality agar. Yet, further investigation may need to determine the seasonal variability of this biopolymer according to the life cycle of G. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahira Belattmania
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Sanaa Bhaby
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Amal Nadri
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Khaoulaa Khaya
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Fouad Bentiss
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
- Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Charafeddine Jama
- Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Abdeltif Reani
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223-401-817
| | - Brahim Sabour
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
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