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Parfenova LV, Bikmeeva AK, Kovyazin PV, Khalilov LM. The Dimerization and Oligomerization of Alkenes Catalyzed with Transition Metal Complexes: Catalytic Systems and Reaction Mechanisms. Molecules 2024; 29:502. [PMID: 38276580 PMCID: PMC10820739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimers and oligomers of alkenes represent a category of compounds that are in great demand in diverse industrial sectors. Among the developing synthetic methods, the catalysis of alkene dimerization and oligomerization using transition metal salts and complexes is of undoubted interest for practical applications. This approach demonstrates substantial potential, offering not only elevated reaction rates but also precise control over the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of the reactions. In this review, we discuss the data on catalytic systems for alkene dimerization and oligomerization. Our focus lies in the analysis of how the activity and chemoselectivity of these catalytic systems are influenced by various factors, such as the nature of the transition metal, the ligand environment, the activator, and the substrate structure. Notably, this review particularly discusses reaction mechanisms, encompassing metal complex activation, structural and dynamic features, and the reactivity of hydride intermediates, which serve as potential catalytically active centers in alkene dimerization and oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450075, Russia
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Parfenova LV, Kovyazin PV, Bikmeeva AK, Palatov ER, Ivchenko PV, Nifant’ev IE, Khalilov LM. Catalytic Properties of Zirconocene-Based Systems in 1-Hexene Oligomerization and Structure of Metal Hydride Reaction Centers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062420. [PMID: 36985393 PMCID: PMC10058051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale investigations of homogeneous single-site metallocene catalysts and systems based on them, there are still unsolved problems related to the control of their activity and chemo- and stereoselectivity. A solution to these problems is required to develop efficient methods for the synthesis of practically useful products of alkene transformations, such as dimers, oligomers, and polymers. Here we studied the catalytic activity of structurally diverse zirconocenes (L2ZrCl2, L = Cp, C5Me5, Ind, L2 = Me2CCp2, Me2SiCp2, Me2C2Cp2, rac-Me2CInd2, rac-H4C2Ind2, BIPh(Ind)2, H4C2[THInd]2), and co-catalysts activating the system, namely HAlBui2, MMAO-12, and (Ph3C)[B(C6F5)4], at low activator/Zr ratios in a 1-hexene oligomerization reaction. The influence of catalyst structure and system composition on the alkene conversion, the type of products, and the reaction stereoselectivity were investigated. The composition of hydride intermediates formed in the L2ZrCl2–HAlBui2–activator system (L2 = ansa-Me2CCp2, Ind) was studied by NMR spectroscopy. Participation of the bis-zirconium hydride complex as the precursor of catalytically active sites of the alkene dimerization reaction was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-347-284-3527
| | - Pavel V. Kovyazin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Almira Kh. Bikmeeva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Eldar R. Palatov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonard M. Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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Transition Metal-(μ-Cl)-Aluminum Bonding in α-Olefin and Diene Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217164. [PMID: 36363991 PMCID: PMC9654437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin and diene transformations, catalyzed by organoaluminum-activated metal complexes, are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and form the basis of major petrochemical processes. However, the role of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding, being proven for certain >C=C< functionalization reactions, remains unclear and debated for essentially more important industrial processes such as oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and conjugated dienes. Numerous publications indirectly point at the significance of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding in Ziegler−Natta and related transformations, but only a few studies contain experimental or at least theoretical evidence of the involvement of M−(μ-Cl)−Al species into catalytic cycles. In the present review, we have compiled data on the formation of M−(μ-Cl)−Al complexes (M = Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Ni), their molecular structure, and reactivity towards olefins and dienes. The possible role of similar complexes in the functionalization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and dienes is discussed in the present review through the prism of the further development of Ziegler−Natta processes and beyond.
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Modification of 1-Hexene Vinylidene Dimer into Primary and Tertiary Alkanethiols. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic thiols are in high demand in materials chemistry. Herein, a synthesis of thio-derivatives of 1-hexene vinylidene dimer is described. The approach, based on a hydroalumination reaction with further replacement of the organoaluminum function with sulfur using thiourea or dimethyl disulfide, provides anti-Markovnikov products, 2-butyloctane-1-thiol or 5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)undecane, in moderate yields. The reaction of a vinylidene dimer with phosphorus pentasulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) selectively gives the Markovnikov product, 5-methylundecane-5-thiol, with a yield of up to 77%.
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