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Fredi G, Zonta E, Dussin A, Bikiaris DN, Papageorgiou GZ, Fambri L, Dorigato A. Toughening Effect of 2,5-Furandicaboxylate Polyesters on Polylactide-Based Renewable Fibers. Molecules 2023; 28:4811. [PMID: 37375367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the successful preparation and characterization of polylactide/poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PLA/PPF) and polylactide/poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PLA/PBF) blends in form of bulk and fiber samples and investigates the influence of poly(alkylene furanoate) (PAF) concentration (0 to 20 wt%) and compatibilization on the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Both blend types, although immiscible, are successfully compatibilized by Joncryl (J), which improves the interfacial adhesion and reduces the size of PPF and PBF domains. Mechanical tests on bulk samples show that only PBF is able to effectively toughen PLA, as PLA/PBF blends with 5-10 wt% PBF showed a distinct yield point, remarkable necking propagation, and increased strain at break (up to 55%), while PPF did not show significant plasticizing effects. The toughening ability of PBF is attributed to its lower glass transition temperature and greater toughness than PPF. For fiber samples, increasing the PPF and PBF amount improves the elastic modulus and mechanical strength, particularly for PBF-containing fibers collected at higher take-up speeds. Remarkably, in fiber samples, plasticizing effects are observed for both PPF and PBF, with significantly higher strain at break values compared to neat PLA (up to 455%), likely due to a further microstructural homogenization, enhanced compatibility, and load transfer between PLA and PAF phases following the fiber spinning process. SEM analysis confirms the deformation of PPF domains, which is probably due to a "plastic-rubber" transition during tensile testing. The orientation and possible crystallization of PPF and PBF domains contribute to increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. This work showcases the potential of PPF and PBF in tailoring the thermo-mechanical properties of PLA in both bulk and fiber forms, expanding their applications in the packaging and textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Edoardo Zonta
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dussin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Luca Fambri
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Zaidi S, Bougarech A, Abid M, Abid S, Silvestre AJD, Sousa AF. Highly Flexible Poly(1,12-dodecylene 5,5'-isopropylidene-bis(ethyl 2-furoate)): A Promising Biobased Polyester Derived from a Renewable Cost-Effective Bisfuranic Precursor and a Long-Chain Aliphatic Spacer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104124. [PMID: 37241868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous search for novel biobased polymers with high-performance properties has highlighted the role of monofuranic-based polyesters as some of the most promising for future plastic industry but has neglected the huge potential for the polymers' innovation, relatively low cost, and synthesis easiness of 5,5'-isopropylidene bis-(ethyl 2-furoate) (DEbF), obtained from the platform chemical, worldwide-produced furfural. In this vein, poly(1,12-dodecylene 5,5'-isopropylidene -bis(ethyl 2-furoate)) (PDDbF) was introduced, for the first time, as a biobased bisfuranic long-chain aliphatic polyester with an extreme flexibility function, competing with fossil-based polyethylene. This new polyester in-depth characterization confirmed its expected structure (FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR) and relevant thermal features (DSC, TGA, and DMTA), notably, an essentially amorphous character with a glass transition temperature of -6 °C and main maximum decomposition temperature of 340 °C. Furthermore, PDDbF displayed an elongation at break as high as 732%, around five times higher than that of the 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid counterpart, stressing the unique features of the bisfuranic class of polymers compared to monofuranic ones. The enhanced ductility combined with the relevant thermal properties makes PDDbF a highly promising material for flexible packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaidi
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Faculty des Sciences, Laboratory de Chimie Appliquée HCGP, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkader Bougarech
- Faculty des Sciences, Laboratory de Chimie Appliquée HCGP, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Majdi Abid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts in Al-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat P.O. Box 756, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souhir Abid
- Faculty des Sciences, Laboratory de Chimie Appliquée HCGP, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts in Al-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat P.O. Box 756, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armando J D Silvestre
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia F Sousa
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Karlinskii BY, Ananikov VP. Recent advances in the development of green furan ring-containing polymeric materials based on renewable plant biomass. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:836-862. [PMID: 36562482 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fossil resources are rapidly depleting, forcing researchers in various fields of chemistry and materials science to switch to the use of renewable sources and the development of corresponding technologies. In this regard, the field of sustainable materials science is experiencing an extraordinary surge of interest in recent times due to the significant advances made in the development of new polymers with desired and controllable properties. This review summarizes important scientific reports in recent times dedicated to the synthesis, construction and computational studies of novel sustainable polymeric materials containing unchanged (pseudo)aromatic furan cores in their structure. Linear polymers for thermoplastics, branched polymers for thermosets and other crosslinked materials are emerging materials to highlight. Various polymer blends and composites based on sustainable polyfurans are also considered as pathways to achieve high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Ya Karlinskii
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, Tula, 300012, Russia.,Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Compatibilization of Polylactide/Poly(ethylene 2,5-furanoate) (PLA/PEF) Blends for Sustainable and Bioderived Packaging. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196371. [PMID: 36234907 PMCID: PMC9572422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advantages of polylactide (PLA), its inadequate UV-shielding and gas-barrier properties undermine its wide application as a flexible packaging film for perishable items. These issues are addressed in this work by investigating the properties of melt-mixed, fully bioderived blends of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), as a function of the PEF weight fraction (1–30 wt %) and the amount of the commercial compatibilizer/chain extender Joncryl ADR 4468 (J, 0.25–1 phr). J mitigates the immiscibility of the two polymer phases by decreasing and homogenizing the PEF domain size; for the blend containing 10 wt % of PEF, the PEF domain size drops from 0.67 ± 0.46 µm of the uncompatibilized blend to 0.26 ± 0.14 with 1 phr of J. Moreover, the increase in the complex viscosity of PLA and PLA/PEF blends with the J content evidences the effectiveness of J as a chain extender. This dual positive contribution of J is reflected in the mechanical properties of PLA/PEF blends. Whereas the uncompatibilized blend with 10 wt % of PEF shows lower mechanical performance than neat PLA, all the compatibilized blends show higher tensile strength and strain at break, while retaining their high elastic moduli. The effects of PEF on the UV- and oxygen-barrier properties of PLA are also remarkable. Adding only 1 wt % of PEF makes the blend an excellent barrier for UV rays, with the transmittance at 320 nm dropping from 52.8% of neat PLA to 0.4% of the sample with 1 wt % PEF, while keeping good transparency in the visible region. PEF is also responsible for a sensible decrease in the oxygen transmission rate, which decreases from 189 cc/m2·day for neat PLA to 144 cc/m2·day with only 1 wt % of PEF. This work emphasizes the synergistic effects of PEF and J in enhancing the thermal, mechanical, UV-shielding, and gas-barrier properties of PLA, which results in bioderived blends that are very promising for packaging applications.
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Fabris C, Perin D, Fredi G, Rigotti D, Bortolotti M, Pegoretti A, Xanthopoulou E, Bikiaris DN, Dorigato A. Improving the Wet-Spinning and Drawing Processes of Poly(lactide)/Poly(ethylene furanoate) and Polylactide/Poly(dodecamethylene furanoate) Fiber Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142910. [PMID: 35890686 PMCID: PMC9322962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to produce poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(alkylene furanoate)s (PAF)s fiber blends for textile applications and evaluates their microstructural, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The work focuses on two PAFs with very different alkyl chain lengths, i.e., poly(ethylene 2,5−furandicarboxylate) (PEF) and poly(dodecamethylene 2,5−furandicarboxylate) (PDoF), which were blended in solution at various concentrations (in the range 2.5–10 wt %) with PLA, wet spun, and subsequently drawn. Light optical micrographs highlight that PLA/PEF blends present large and concentrate PEF domains, whereas PLA/PDoF blends show small and homogeneously distributed PDoF domains. The blends appear to be immiscible, which is confirmed also by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier−Transform Infrared (FT−IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) highlights that the addition of the PAFs improves the thermal stability of the fibers. The drawing process, which was carried out at 80 °C with a heat setting step at 95 °C and at three draw ratios, improves the mechanical properties of the fibers upon the addition of the PAFs. The results obtained in this study are promising and may serve as a basis for future investigations on these novel bio−based fiber blends, which can contribute to increase the environmental sustainability of industrial textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fabris
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-0461283943 (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-0461283943 (G.F.)
| | - Daniele Rigotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Mauro Bortolotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.X.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.X.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (C.F.); (D.R.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (A.D.)
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Hybrid biodegradable electrospun scaffolds based on poly(l-lactic acid) and reduced graphene oxide with improved piezoelectric response. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Sima H, Sui Y, Zhang C. Preparation of polysiloxane foam with graphene for promoting electromagnetic interference shielding performance and thermal stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Sima
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yanlong Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun China
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Fredi G, Karimi Jafari M, Dorigato A, Bikiaris DN, Pegoretti A. Improving the Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) via Reduced Graphene Oxide and Bioderived Poly(decamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate). MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041316. [PMID: 35207860 PMCID: PMC8877404 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is the most widely used biopolymer, but its poor ductility and scarce gas barrier properties limit its applications in the packaging field. In this work, for the first time, the properties of PLA solvent-cast films are improved by the addition of a second biopolymer, i.e., poly(decamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PDeF), added in a weight fraction of 10 wt%, and a carbon-based nanofiller, i.e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO), added in concentrations of 0.25–2 phr. PLA and PDeF are immiscible, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with PDeF spheroidal domains showing poor adhesion to PLA. The addition of 0.25 phr of rGO, which preferentially segregates in the PDeF domains, makes them smaller and considerably rougher and improves the interfacial interaction. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirms the immiscibility of the two polymer phases and highlights that rGO enhances the crystallinity of both polymer phases (especially of PDeF). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) highlights the positive impact of rGO and PDeF on the thermal degradation resistance of PLA. Quasi-static tensile tests evidence that adding 10 wt% of PDeF and a small fraction of rGO (0.25 phr) to PLA considerably enhances the strain at break, which raises from 5.3% of neat PLA to 10.0% by adding 10 wt% of PDeF, up to 75.8% by adding also 0.25 phr of rGO, thereby highlighting the compatibilizing role of rGO on this blend. On the other hand, a further increase in rGO concentration decreases the strain at break due to agglomeration but enhances the mechanical stiffness and strength up to an rGO concentration of 1 phr. Overall, these results highlight the positive and synergistic contribution of PDeF and rGO in enhancing the thermomechanical properties of PLA, and the resulting nanocomposites are promising for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (M.K.J.); (A.D.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0461-283-944
| | - Mahdi Karimi Jafari
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (M.K.J.); (A.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (M.K.J.); (A.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (M.K.J.); (A.D.); (A.P.)
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Dorigato A, Fredi G. Special Issue "Investigation of Polymer Nanocomposites' Performance". MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041180. [PMID: 35208970 PMCID: PMC8876209 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Statistical Modeling and Optimization of the Drawing Process of Bioderived Polylactide/Poly(dodecylene furanoate) Wet-Spun Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030396. [PMID: 35160386 PMCID: PMC8840021 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drawing is a well-established method to improve the mechanical properties of wet-spun fibers, as it orients the polymer chains, increases the chain density, and homogenizes the microstructure. This work aims to investigate how drawing variables, such as the draw ratio, drawing speed, and temperature affect the elastic modulus (E) and the strain at break (εB) of biobased wet-spun fibers constituted by neat polylactic acid (PLA) and a PLA/poly(dodecamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PDoF) (80/20 wt/wt) blend. Drawing experiments were conducted with a design of experiment (DOE) approach following a 24 full factorial design. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests on the drawn fibers, analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and modeled through the response surface methodology (RSM), highlight that the presence of PDoF significantly lowers E, which instead is maximized if the temperature and draw ratio are both low. On the other hand, εB is enhanced when the drawing is performed at a high temperature. Finally, a genetic algorithm was implemented to find the optimal combination of drawing parameters that maximize both E and εB. The resulting Pareto curve highlights that the temperature influences the mechanical results only for neat PLA fibers, as the stiffness increases by drawing at lower temperatures, while optimal Pareto points for PLA/PDoF fibers are mainly determined by the draw ratio and the draw rate.
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