The Crystal Structure and Intermolecular Interactions in Fenamic Acids-Acridine Complexes

Aggregation induced emission "Turn on" ultra-low detection of anti-inflammatory drug flufenamic acid in human urine samples by carbon dots derived from bamboo stem waste

Carbon dot-based fluorescence sensors have attracted research interest for the selective determination of anti-inflammatory drugs in biological fluids and environments. The overdose and accumulation of anti-inflammatory drugs in tissues can cause chronic side effects including abdominal pain, and renal damage. Herein, we report a new fluorescent probe, bamboo stem waste-derived carbon dots (BS-CDs) for highly sensitive detection of Flufenamic acid (FA), a hazardous anti-inflammatory drug. The UV-vis absorption spectra of BS-CDs show a redshifted absorption peak at 283 nm upon the addition of FA suggesting strong binding interaction between BS-CDs and FA molecule. The BS-CDs showed a fluorescence enhancement (∼2-fold) detection for FA (400 μM) in the linear concentration range (0.40 → 0.65 μM) with a limit of detection (LoD; 17 nM) and binding constant (Ka = 1.33 × 10-3 M-1). The time-resolved fluorescence decay analysis showed that the average lifetime of BS-CDs has slightly changed (4.42 → 4.67 ns) by the interaction with FA through the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process. The interference, pH, and effect of time results suggest that BS-CDs are highly selective probes for FA detection and do not show any interference involvement during FA detection. The confirmation of the structure and morphology changes of BS-CDs after interaction with FA was carried out by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The practicability of the BS-CDs probe was proved by the detection of FA in human urine samples with recovery of 103-109 %. This suggests that the proposed BS-CDs-based 'turn-on' sensor could be used to determine the FA in biological fluids.

Exploring Deep Eutectic Solvents as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Enhancing the Solubility of Ibuprofen and Mefenamic Acid

Objectives: The study explores the potential of various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to serve as drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical excipients. The research focuses on two primary objectives: evaluating the ability of the selected DES systems to enhance the solubility of two poorly water-soluble model drugs (IBU and MFA), and evaluating their physicochemical properties, including density, viscosity, flow behavior, surface tension, thermal stability, and water dilution effects, to determine their suitability for pharmaceutical applications. Methods: A range of DES systems containing pharmaceutically acceptable constituents was explored, encompassing organic acid-based, sugar- and sugar alcohol-based, and hydrophobic systems, as well as menthol (MNT)-based DES systems with common pharmaceutical excipients. MNT-based DESs exhibited the most significant solubility enhancements. Results: IBU solubility reached 379.69 mg/g in MNT: PEG 400 (1:1) and 356.3 mg/g in MNT:oleic acid (1:1), while MFA solubility peaked at 17.07 mg/g in MNT:Miglyol 812®N (1:1). In contrast, solubility in hydrophilic DES systems was significantly lower, with choline chloride: glycerol (1:2) and arginine: glycolic acid (1:8) showing the best results. While demonstrating lower solubility compared to the MNT-based systems, sugar-based DESs exhibited increased tunability via water and glycerol addition both in terms of solubility and physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and surface tension. Conclusions: Our study introduces novel DES systems, expanding the repertoire of pharmaceutically acceptable DES formulations and opening new avenues for the rational design of tailored solvent systems to overcome solubility challenges and enhance drug delivery.

In silico molecular docking, ADME study and synthesis of new 1,3-diazetidin-2-one derivatives with high anti-proliferative activity

Background: Cancer and inflammation are strongly connected; tumor growth and spread are also greatly influenced by inflammation. Nitrogen-based heterocycle analogs are excellent suppliers of pharmaceuticals. Quaternary rings play a bigger role in drug development as bioactive scaffolds. For improved tolerance and synergistic benefits, heterocyclic nitrogen rings are present in many anticancer medications. Understanding how to bind to the EGFR and its prospective impacts on cancer cells, expect to construct new heterocyclic compounds that may help produce potent anticancer medicines with a high safety profile. Methods: Novel 1,3-diazetidin-2-one derivatives were designed, synthesized from mefenamic acid, and their cytotoxic activity against a lung cancer cell line (A549) was initially tested in vitro. These compounds were anchored to the crystal structure of the epidermal growth factor receptor (PDB code 1M17) in a molecular docking study to determine their binding affinity at the active site. The newly synthesized derivatives were verified and confirmed by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR). In addition, physicochemical, drug-like, and toxicological predictions were performed for these derivatives. Results: Based on a molecular docking study, all compounds (M4a-e) demonstrated superior PLPfitness (84.70, 85.89, 91.90, 88.61, and 92.77, respectively) to erlotinib (76.20). The anti-proliferation evaluation of the A549 cell line revealed that compounds M4c and M4e had exceptional and promising anti-proliferative activity on this cell line to treat lung cancer, with IC50 values of 1.75 µm and 2.05 µm at 72 hours, respectively, making them significantly more active than the reference erlotinib, which had an IC50 value of 11.5 µm at 72 hours. Conclusions: The cytotoxicity investigation and the molecular docking study showed a robust association with the novel compounds (M4a-e). Suggest a comprehensive pharmacological survey to understand how these newly created chemicals combat cancer fully.

π-π Noncovalent Interaction Involving 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Systems: The Combined Experimental, Theoretical, and Database Study

A series of N-pyridyl ureas bearing 1,2,4- (1a, 2a, and 3a) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety (1b, 2b, 3b) was prepared and characterized by HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. The inspection of the crystal structures of (1-3)a,b and the Hirshfeld surface analysis made possible the recognition of the (oxadiazole)···(pyridine) and (oxadiazole)···(oxadiazole) interactions. The presence of these interactions was confirmed theoretically by DFT calculations, including NCI analysis for experimentally determined crystal structures as well as QTAIM analysis for optimized equilibrium structures. The preformed database survey allowed the verification of additional examples of relevant (oxadiazole)···π interactions both in Cambridge Structural Database and in Protein Data Bank, including the cocrystal of commercial anti-HIV drug Raltegravir.