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Kulkarni P, Yeram PB, Vora A. Terpenes in the management of chronic kidney disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03098-4. [PMID: 38683370 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic and progressive systemic condition that characterizes irreversible alterations in the kidneys' function and structure over an extended period, spanning months to years. CKD is the one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. However, very limited treatment options are available in the market for management of the CKD. Diabetes and hypertension are the key risk factors for the progression of CKD. It is majorly characterised by glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Plants are considered safe and effective in treating various chronic conditions. A diverse group of phytoconstituents, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes, have found significant benefits in managing chronic ailments. Terpenes constitute a diverse group of plant compounds with various therapeutic benefits. Evidence-based pharmacological studies underscore the crucial role played by terpenes in preventing and managing CKD. These substances demonstrate the capacity to hinder detrimental pathways, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby demonstrating benefit in renal dysfunction. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the roles and positive attributes of commonly occurring terpenes in managing the causes and risk factors of CKD and the associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Pranali B Yeram
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Amisha Vora
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, 400056, India.
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2
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Gharge S, Alegaon SG. Recent Studies of Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Heterocyclic Analogues as Novel Antidiabetic Agents: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301738. [PMID: 38126280 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is on the rise, which demands the identification of novel antidiabetic drugs. There is a need for safer and more effective alternatives because the therapy methods now available to manage diabetes have limits. Due to their diverse pharmacological characteristics, heterocyclic molecules with nitrogen and Sulfur atoms have become intriguing candidates in medicinal chemistry. These substances have a wide variety of structures that can be customized to target different pathways associated with diabetes and can affect important biological targets involved in glucose homeostasis. This review provides a thorough summary of the most recent studies on heterocyclic analogues of nitrogen and Sulfur as prospective antidiabetic agents. This review examines the variety of their structural forms, their methods of action, and assesses the results of preclinical and clinical investigations on their effectiveness and safety. Additionally, further optimization and development of innovative antidiabetic medications are highlighted, as well as the difficulties and prospects for the future in utilizing the therapeutic potential of these analogues. This study seeks to stimulate additional investigation and cooperation between researchers and medicinal chemists, promoting improvements in the creation of efficient and secure antidiabetic medicines to fulfill the needs in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gharge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, 590 010, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - S G Alegaon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, 590 010, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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3
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhai Y, Zhao X, Lv M, Yu S, Xiao H, Song Y. Inhibitory mechanism of chrysin and diosmetin to α-glucosidase: insights from kinetics, multispectroscopy and molecular docking investigations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38289727 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2310207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity is a promising method to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia. The inhibitory effect and interaction of chrysin and diosmetin on α-glucosidase were studied in this study. The results of inhibition kinetics showed that chrysin and diosmetin reversibly inhibited α-glucosidase activity with IC50 value of 26.445 ± 1.406 μmol L-1 and 18.380 ± 1.264 μmol L-1, respectively. Further research revealed that chrysin exhibited a mixed-type inhibitory pattern against α-glucosidase, while diosmetin was noncompetitive inhibitory with Ki value of (2.6 ± 0.04) ×10-4 mol L-1. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that both chrysin and diosmetin could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of α-glucosidase, the maximum emission wavelength of tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) were not moved by chrysin, but red shifted by diosmetin. UV-Vis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) measurements showed that the secondary structure and microenvironment of α-glucosidase were changed by chrysin and diosmetin. Further analysis of molecular docking showed that chrysin and diosmetin could bind with α-glucosidase and might cause the decrease of α-glucosidase activity. The results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that the stability of chrysin (or diosmetin)-α-glucosidase complex system was changed during binding process. In conclusion, chrysin and diosmetin are good α-glucosidase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhan Zhai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxing Lv
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoxuan Yu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Haifang Xiao
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
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4
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Tewari D, Bawari S, Mishra ST, Gupta P, M A, Cziáky Z, Jeko J, Lazarova I, Zengin G. Metabolomics-based pharmaceutical evaluation of different parts of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B. Clarke from the western Himalayas. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300795. [PMID: 38234031 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Swertia species are common ingredients in numerous herbal remedies. It is also used to treat a wide range of illnesses and possess diverse therapeutic activities. The aim of the study is to elucidate the comprehensive metabolomics profile of Swertia chirayita and the role of various extraction methods in the phytochemical compositions of the extracts of S. chirayita, and their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Extraction of the stems, leaves, and flowering tops of S. chirayita was performed by maceration, infusion, and soxhlation using methanol and water as solvent. Extracts were subjected to phytochemical profiling by a liquid-chromatographic system. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity was carried out. The metabolomics profiling showed that a diverse range of specialized metabolites were present in the stems and leaves & flowering tops of the plant. All the extracts showed substantial antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities further confirmed by molecular docking studies. This study appraised the use of S. chirayita aerial parts as a potential antioxidant and its therapeutic application in various chronic illnesses including Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and other skin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweta Bawari
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Saurabh T Mishra
- Department of Career Services, Edvancer - a part of Global University System, India, Mumbai, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Aryalaxmi M
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyiregyhaza, Hungary
| | - József Jeko
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyiregyhaza, Hungary
| | - Irina Lazarova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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5
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Hina S, Zaib S, Uroos M, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Munir R, Riaz H, Syed Q, Abidi SHI. N-Arylacetamide derivatives of methyl 1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate as potential drug candidates for urease inhibition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230104. [PMID: 37035287 PMCID: PMC10073911 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urease enzyme is an infectious factor that provokes the growth and colonization of virulence pathogenic bacteria in humans. To overcome the deleterious effects of bacterial infections, inhibition of urease enzyme is one of the promising approaches. The current study is designed to synthesize new 1,2-benzothiazine-N-arylacetamide derivatives 5(a-n) that can effectively provide a new drug candidate to avoid bacterial infections by urease inhibition. After structural elucidation by FT-IR, proton and carbon-13 NMR and mass spectroscopy, the synthesized compounds 5(a-n) were investigated to evaluate their inhibitory potential against urease enzyme. In vitro analysis against positive control of thiourea indicated that all the synthesized compounds have strong inhibitory strengths as compared to the reference drug. Compound 5k, being the most potent inhibitor, strongly inhibited the urease enzymes and revealed an IC50 value of 9.8 ± 0.023 µM when compared with the IC50 of thiourea (22.3 ± 0.031 µM)-a far more robust inhibitory potential. Docking studies of 5k within the urease active site revealed various significant interactions such as H-bond, π-alkyl with amino acid residues like Val744, Lys716, Ala16, Glu7452, Ala37 and Asp730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajila Hina
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid e Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid e Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | | | - Rubina Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huma Riaz
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Syed
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Imam Abidi
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 01-Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44050, Pakistan
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6
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Munawaroh HSH, Pratiwi RN, Gumilar GG, Aisyah S, Rohilah S, Nurjanah A, Ningrum A, Susanto E, Pratiwi A, Arindita NPY, Martha L, Chew KW, Show PL. Synthesis, modification and application of fish skin gelatin-based hydrogel as sustainable and versatile bioresource of antidiabetic peptide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123248. [PMID: 36642356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin hydrogel is widely employed in various fields, however, commercially available gelatin hydrogels are mostly derived from mammalian which has many disadvantages due to the supply and ethical issues. In this study, the properties of hydrogels from fish-derived collagen fabricated with varying Glutaraldehyde (GA) determined. The antidiabetic properties of salmon gelatin (SG) and tilapia gelatin (TG) was also evaluated against α-glucosidase. Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked salmon gelatin and tilapia gelatin were used, and compared with different concentrations of GA by 0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.15 %. Water absorbency, swelling, porosity, pore size and water retention of the hydrogels were dependent on the degree of crosslinking. The synthesis of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR study. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that all hydrogels have a porous structure with irregular shapes and heterogeneous morphology. Performance tests showed that gelatin-GA 0.05 % mixture had the best performance. Antidiabetic bioactivity in vitro and in silico tests showed that the active peptides of SG and TG showed a high binding affinity to α-glucosidase enzyme. In conclusion, SG and TG cross-linked GA 0.05 % have the potential as an antidiabetic agent and as a useful option over mammalian-derived gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia.
| | - Riska Nur Pratiwi
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Gun Gun Gumilar
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Siti Aisyah
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rohilah
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Anisa Nurjanah
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Andriati Ningrum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 5528, Indonesia
| | - Eko Susanto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Jacub Rais Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Amelinda Pratiwi
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Ni Putu Yunika Arindita
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Larasati Martha
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki City, Gunma prefecture 370-0033, Japan
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St - Zone 1 - Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga 43500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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7
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Abbas G, Usman M, Salman ZE, Wadood A, Halim SA, Shams S, Ullah MS, Al-Harrasi A. Biological evaluation and in silico molecular docking studies of newly synthesized homoleptic and heteroleptic Cd(II) carboxylates. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Rashid F, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Al-Mutairi AA, Al-Hussain SA. Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 2-(3-BenzoyI-4-Hydroxy-1,1-Dioxido-2H-Benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yI)-N-(2-Bromophenyl) Acetamide as Antidiabetic Agent. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4043-4060. [PMID: 36444273 PMCID: PMC9700480 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s379205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study is based on screening new and potent synthetic heterocyclic compounds as anti-diabetic drugs using various computational tools, lab experiments, and animal models. METHODS A potent synthetic compound 2-(3-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-1-(2-bromophenyl) acetamide (FA2) was checked against diabetes and screened via enzyme inhibition assays, enzyme kinetics against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. Protein-ligand interaction was analyzed via molecular docking and toxicological analysis via ADMET. Experimental animals were used to examine the compound FA2 safety, delivery, and check various biochemical tests related to diabetes like fasting glucose sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, HbAc1, creatinine, and insulin level. Histography of liver, kidney, and pancreas was also performed. RESULTS Results showed that FA2 had binding energy of -7.02 Kcal/mol and -6.6 kcal/mol against α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 2ZE0) and α-amylase (PDB ID: 1B2Y), respectively. Moreover, in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and enzyme kinetics against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were performed, and FA2 showed IC50 at 5.17 ± 0.28 µM and 18.82 ± 0.89 µM concentrations against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. Kinetics studies showed that the FA2 compound impeded α-glucosidase and α-amylase as a non-competitive mode of inhibition with Ki' values -0.320 ± 0.001 and 0.141 ± 0.01, respectively. FA2 was further analyzed on alloxan-induced mice for 21 days. Biochemical tests (fasting glucose sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, HbAc1, creatinine, and insulin levels) and histological examination of liver and kidney showed that the FA2 compound showed better results than acarbose. Histology of pancreas found to show the maintenance of normal pancreatic acini and Langerhans islets in FA2 treated mice compared to acarbose and nontreated diabetic controls. CONCLUSION Investigating anti-diabetic potential of FA2 compound showed that the selected benzothiazine derivative has tremendous importance in reducing dose concentration and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rashid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Kumar R, Maurya SK. Synthesis of
γ
‐Butyrolactone Derivatives from Dihydrotagetone and Evaluation of Their Antidiabetic Activity. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sushil K. Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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Khalid Z, Alnuwaiser MA, Ahmad HA, Shafqat SS, Munawar MA, Kamran K, Abbas MM, Kalam MA, Ewida MA. Experimental and Computational Analysis of Newly Synthesized Benzotriazinone Sulfonamides as Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206783. [PMID: 36296403 PMCID: PMC9612054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the pancreas secretes insulin but the body cells do not recognize it. As a result, carbohydrate metabolism causes hyperglycemia, which may be fatal for various organs. This disease is increasing day by day and it is prevalent among people of all ages, including young adults and children. Acarbose and miglitol are famous alpha-glucosidase inhibitors but they complicate patients with the problems of flatulence, pain, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to discover new anti-diabetic drugs with minimal side effects. For this purpose, benzotriazinone sulfonamides were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibition studies of all synthesized hybrids were conducted using the spectrophotometric method. The synthesized compounds revealed moderate-to-good inhibition activity; in particular, nitro derivatives 12e and 12f were found to be the most effective inhibitors against this enzyme, with IC50 values of 32.37 ± 0.15 µM and 37.75 ± 0.11 µM. In silico studies, including molecular docking as well as DFT analysis, also strengthened the experimental findings. Both leading compounds 12e and 12f showed strong hydrogen bonding interactions within the enzyme cavity. DFT studies also reinforced the strong binding interactions of these derivatives with biological molecules due to their lowest chemical hardness values and lowest orbital energy gap values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Adnan Ahmad
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shafqat
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-331-413-9585
| | - Munawar Ali Munawar
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, FAST, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - M. A. Kalam
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Menna A. Ewida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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11
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Synthesis of Novel N-Methylmorpholine-Substituted Benzimidazolium Salts as Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186012. [PMID: 36144750 PMCID: PMC9501035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-glucosidase enzyme, located in the brush border of the small intestine, is responsible for overall glycemic control in the body. It hydrolyses the 1,4-linkage in the carbohydrates to form blood-absorbable monosaccharides that ultimately increase the blood glucose level. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) can reduce hydrolytic activity and help to control type 2 diabetes. Aiming to achieve this, a novel series of 1-benzyl-3-((2-substitutedphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium chloride was synthesized and screened for its α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Compounds 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h and 5k exhibited better α-glucosidase inhibitions compared to the standard drug (acarbose IC50 = 58.8 ± 0.012 µM) with IC50 values of 15 ± 0.030, 19 ± 0.060, 25 ± 0.106, 21 ± 0.07 and 26 ± 0.035 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies explored the mechanism of enzyme inhibitions by different 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzimidazolium salts via significant ligand–receptor interactions.
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12
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Reetu R, Gujjarappa R, Malakar CC. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Medicinal Evaluation of 1,2‐Benzothiazine Analogues. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Reetu
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Chandi C Malakar
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Department of Chemistry Langol, Imphal 795004 Imphal INDIA
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13
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Taj S, Ahmad M, Alshammari A, Alghamdi A, Ali Ashfaq U. Exploring the therapeutic potential of benzothiazine-pyrazole hybrid molecules against alpha-glucosidase: Pharmacological and molecular modelling based approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1416-1421. [PMID: 35280565 PMCID: PMC8913548 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and a significant health problem all over the world. The current study elucidates the inhibitory potentials of the benzothiazine-pyrazole hybrid series against the α-Glucosidase enzyme. The molecular docking was employed to determine the binding affinity of synthetic compounds (ligands) with α-Glucosidase enzyme (receptor) active sites via the molecular operating environment (MOE). The molecular docking analysis revealed the best inhibitory interaction between certain synthetic compounds and the enzyme's active sites (α-Glucosidase). These compounds were further examined for drug-like properties, which necessarily validate the use of the compound as a drug. Then selected compounds were subjected to in vitro analysis to find the inhibitory potential with minimal dose. All compounds were docked into the active sites with the best binding pose and low rmsd values. The anti-diabetic analysis revealed that compound ST3 is more active against α-Glucosidase with IC50 values 5.8 µM as compared to acarbose which is 58.8 µM. The present study exhibited compound 2c has a high proficiency in lowering blood glucose levels compared to acarbose. This study strengthened the scope of designing/synthesizing these benzothiazine-pyrazole hybrid molecules as anti-diabetic drug molecules in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Taj
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alghamdi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Riyadh Security Forces Hospital, Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Identification of Cyclic Sulfonamides with an N-Arylacetamide Group as α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010106. [PMID: 35056163 PMCID: PMC8777765 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a complicated metabolic disorder, is due to insensitivity to insulin function or reduction in insulin secretion, which results in postprandial hyperglycemia. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) and α-amylase inhibitors (AAIs) block the function of digestive enzymes, which delays the carbohydrate hydrolysis process and ultimately helps to control the postprandial hyperglycemia. Diversified 2-(3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The compounds with chloro, bromo and methyl substituents demonstrated good inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes having IC50 values in the range of 25.88–46.25 μM, which are less than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 μM). Similarly, some derivatives having chloro, bromo and nitro substituents were observed potent inhibitors of α-amylase enzyme, with IC50 values of 7.52 to 15.06 μM, lower than acarbose (IC50 = 17.0 μM). In addition, the most potent compound, N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)acetamide (12i), was found to be a non-competitive and competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively, during kinetic studies. The molecular docking studies provided the binding modes of active compounds and the molecular dynamics simulation studies of compound 12i in complex with α-amylase also showed that the compound is binding in a fashion similar to that predicted by molecular docking studies.
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15
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Khan IA, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Sultan S, Zaki ME. Discovery of Amide-Functionalized Benzimidazolium Salts as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:4760. [PMID: 34443347 PMCID: PMC8400806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are used as medicines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The α-Glucosidase enzyme is present in the small intestine and is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. The process results in an increase in blood sugar levels. AGIs slow down the digestion of carbohydrates that is helpful in controlling the sugar levels in the blood after meals. Among heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazole moiety is recognized as a potent bioactive scaffold for its wide range of biologically active derivatives. The aim of this study is to explore the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of benzimidazolium salts. In this study, two novel series of benzimidazolium salts, i.e., 1-benzyl-3-{2-(substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium bromide 9a-m and 1-benzyl-3-{2-substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d] imidazol-3-ium bromide 10a-m were screened for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. These compounds were synthesized through a multistep procedure and were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EI-MS techniques. Compound 10d was identified as the potent α-glucosidase inhibitor among the series with an IC50 value of 14 ± 0.013 μM, which is 4-fold higher than the standard drug, acarbose. In addition, compounds 10a, 10e, 10h, 10g, 10k, 10l, and 10m also exhibited pronounced potential for α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value ranging from 15 ± 0.037 to 32.27 ± 0.050 µM when compared with the reference drug acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 ± 0.12 μM). A molecular docking study was performed to rationalize the binding interactions of potent inhibitors with the active site of the α-glucosidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Magdi E.A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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