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Simonetti G, Riccardi C, Pomata D, Acquaviva L, Fricano A, Buiarelli F, Senofonte M, Di Filippo P. Studies of Potential Migration of Hazardous Chemicals from Sustainable Food Contact Materials. Foods 2024; 13:645. [PMID: 38472757 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, due to modern techniques for the distribution, transport, and retail sale of food, the production of large amounts of non-biodegradable and bioaccumulative packaging waste has become a major environmental issue. To address this issue, new food packaging materials based on renewable biomass have been studied as eco-friendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic materials. However, although these materials are not petrochemical derivatives, the presence of contaminants cannot be excluded. This work aims to extend the knowledge on bio-based packaging materials, researching the presence of contaminants potentially able to migrate to food at concentrations of concern. In this study, we focus on two classes of contaminants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), carrying out migration tests toward different simulants, according to the current European regulation. PFAS analysis was performed using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (QTrap). OPE analyses were performed both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS). Preliminary findings demonstrate the release of toxic OPEs and PFASs from bio-based food packaging, highlighting the need to investigate the presence of potentially harmful chemicals in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Riccardi
- Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL)-DIT, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pomata
- Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL)-DIT, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Acquaviva
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fricano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Senofonte
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Liu Z, Yu H, Lu L, Lv X, Ju G, Zhao J, Sun F, Wang Y, Yu W. Simultaneous Determination and Exposure Assessment of Antioxidants in Food Contact Plastic Materials by HPLC-MS/MS. J Food Prot 2023:100121. [PMID: 37355008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are widely used to prevent oxidative degradation of food-contact plastics materials. However, when plastic products come into contact with food, antioxidants may contaminate food. Herein, twenty-three kinds of possible antioxidants were monitored in 257 products of seven polymers. The migration of antioxidants into the food simulants at different temperatures and times was detected by using HPLC-MS/MS. Risk assessment was performed based on the EU, U.S. FDA methods and Monte Carlo simulation. The antioxidants migrated mainly to fatty food simulant, with the highest concentration and occurrence frequency of Irgafos 168, followed byIrganox 1010, Irganox 1076, and Antioxidant LTDP in polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene. No antioxidants were detected in polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyvinylidene chloride. Additionally, antioxidants exhibited the highest detection rate of 0.81 in polyethylene. Risk assessment demonstrated that the antioxidants have no obvious health risk to the exposed population. However, the risk of polypropylene was relatively high compared to other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxiu Ju
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Jinquan Zhao
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglin Sun
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shimadzu (China) Co.,LTD. Beijing Branch, 16 Chaoyangmenwai Street, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Weisen Yu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China.
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Schreier VN, Çörek E, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Schilter B, Muncke J, Simat TJ, Smieško M, Roth N, Odermatt A. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: A systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107978. [PMID: 37210807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers in food contact materials (FCMs) is well-documented. Consumers are exposed through their migration into foods and beverages; however, there is no specific guidance for their safety evaluation. OBJECTIVES This systematic evidence map (SEM) aims to identify and organize existing knowledge and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information on 34 PET oligomers to support regulatory decision-making. METHODS The methodology for this SEM was recently registered. A systematic search in bibliographic and gray literature sources was conducted and studies evaluated for inclusion according to the Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study type (PECOS) framework. Inclusion criteria were designed to record hazard and exposure information for all 34 PET oligomers and coded into the following evidence streams: human, animal, organism (non-animal), ex vivo, in vitro, in silico, migration, hydrolysis, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicokinetics/pharmacokinetics (ADME/TK/PK) studies. Relevant information was extracted from eligible studies and synthesized according to the protocol. RESULTS Literature searches yielded 7445 unique records, of which 96 were included. Data comprised migration (560 entries), ADME/TK/PK-related (253 entries), health/bioactivity (98 entries) and very few hydrolysis studies (7 entries). Cyclic oligomers were studied more frequently than linear PET oligomers. In vitro results indicated that hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers generated a mixture of linear oligomers, but not monomers, potentially allowing their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclic dimers, linear trimers and the respective smaller oligomers exhibit physico-chemical properties making oral absorption more likely. Information on health/bioactivity effects of oligomers was almost non-existent, except for limited data on mutagenicity. CONCLUSIONS This SEM revealed substantial deficiencies in the available evidence on ADME/TK/PK, hydrolysis, and health/bioactivity effects of PET oligomers, currently preventing appropriate risk assessment. It is essential to develop more systematic and tiered approaches to address the identified research needs and assess the risks of PET oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emre Çörek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Consultant of Food Contact Materials Safety, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Schreier VN, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Simat TJ, Schilter B, Smieško M, Muncke J, Odermatt A, Roth N. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107387. [PMID: 35841728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers are ubiquitous in PET used in food contact applications. Consumer exposure by migration of PET oligomers into food and beverages is documented. However, no specific risk assessment framework or guidance for the safety evaluating of PET oligomers exist to date. AIM The aim of this systematic evidence map (SEM) is to identify and organize existing knowledge clusters and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information of PET oligomers. Research needs will be identified as an input for chemical risk assessment, and to support future toxicity testing strategies of PET oligomers and regulatory decision-making. SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Multiple bibliographic databases (incl. Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection), chemistry databases (SciFinder-n, Reaxys), and gray literature sources will be searched, and the search results will be supplemented by backward and forward citation tracking on eligible records. The search will be based on a single-concept PET oligomer-focused strategy to ensure sensitive and unbiased coverage of all evidence related to hazard and exposure in a data-poor environment. A scoping exercise conducted during planning identified 34 relevant PET oligomers. Eligible work of any study type must include primary research data on at least one relevant PET oligomer with regard to exposure, health, or toxicological outcomes. STUDY SELECTION For indexed scientific literature, title and abstract screening will be performed by one reviewer. Selected studies will be screened in full-text by two independent reviewers. Gray literature will be screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion and exclusion. STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Risk of bias analysis will not be conducted as part of this SEM. DATA EXTRACTION AND CODING Will be performed by one reviewer and peer-checked by a second reviewer for indexed scientific literature or by two independent reviewers for gray literature. SYNTHESIS AND VISUALIZATION The extracted and coded information will be synthesized in different formats, including narrative synthesis, tables, and heat maps. SYSTEMATIC MAP PROTOCOL REGISTRY AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6224302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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