Label-Free Electrochemical Sensor Based on Manganese Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Myoglobin Detection: Biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Wearable biosensors in cardiovascular disease

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in wearable biosensors, emphasizing their applications in cardiovascular disease monitoring. Initially, the key sensing signals and biomarkers crucial for cardiovascular health, such as electrocardiogram, phonocardiography, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, and specific biomarkers, are highlighted. Following this, advanced sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease monitoring are examined, including wearable electrophysiology devices, optical fibers, electrochemical sensors, and implantable cardiac devices. The review also delves into hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors, which detect biomarkers in sweat, interstitial fluids, saliva, and tears. Further attention is given to flexible electronics-based biosensors, including resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric force sensors, as well as resistive and pyroelectric temperature sensors, flexible biochemical sensors, and sensor arrays. Moreover, the discussion extends to polymer-based wearable sensors, focusing on innovations in contact lens, textile-type, patch-type, and tattoo-type sensors. Finally, the review addresses the challenges associated with recent wearable biosensing technologies and explores future perspectives, highlighting potential groundbreaking avenues for transforming wearable sensing devices into advanced diagnostic tools with multifunctional capabilities for cardiovascular disease monitoring and other healthcare applications.

Advancements in electrochemical biosensing of cardiovascular disease biomarkers

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) stand as a predominant global health concern, introducing vast socioeconomic challenges. In addressing this pressing dilemma, enhanced diagnostic modalities have become paramount, positioning electrochemical biosensing as an instrumental innovation. This comprehensive review navigates the multifaceted terrain of CVDs, elucidating their defining characteristics, clinical manifestations, therapeutic avenues, and intrinsic risk factors. Notable emphasis is placed on pivotal diagnostic tools, spotlighting cardiac biomarkers distinguished by their unmatched clinical precision in terms of relevance, sensitivity, and specificity. Highlighting the broader repercussions of CVDs, there emerges an accentuated need for refined diagnostic strategies. Such an exploration segues into a profound analysis of electrochemical biosensing, encapsulating its foundational principles, diverse classifications, and integral components, notably recognition molecules and transducers. Contemporary advancements in biosensing technologies are brought to the fore, emphasizing pioneering electrode architectures, cutting-edge signal amplification processes, and the synergistic integration of biosensors with microfluidic platforms. At the core of this discourse is the demonstrated proficiency of biosensors in detecting cardiovascular anomalies, underpinned by empirical case studies, systematic evaluations, and clinical insights. As the narrative unfolds, it addresses an array of inherent challenges, spanning intricate technicalities, real-world applicability constraints, and regulatory considerations, finally, by casting an anticipatory gaze upon the future of electrochemical biosensing, heralding a new era of diagnostic tools primed to revolutionize cardiovascular healthcare.

Nanostructured Metal Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors in Medical Diagnosis

Nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) provide electrical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, reaction activity, and good adsorption strength. Furthermore, they serve as a conductive substrate for the immobilization of biomolecules, exhibiting notable biological activity. Capitalizing on these characteristics, they find utility in the development of various electrochemical biosensing devices, elevating the sensitivity and selectivity of such diagnostic platforms. In this review, different types of NMOs, including zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO); their synthesis methods; and how they can be integrated into biosensors used for medical diagnosis are examined. It also includes a detailed table for the last 10 years covering the morphologies, analysis techniques, analytes, and analytical performances of electrochemical biosensors developed for medical diagnosis.

A bibliography of smart nanomaterials biological application in myocardial infarction research

Myocardial infarction has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. Numerous studies investigated the biological application of smart nanomaterials in myocardial infarction. Our study aimed to provide an overview of this area through bibliography research. Literature related to the biological application of nanomaterials was retrieved from the web of science core collection database. Bibliography analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, Citespace, and the R package "bibliometrix." A total of 1226 publications were included. The USA, China, and India carried out the most of studies. Harvard University is the most productive institution. Matthias Nahrendorf ranked first in article volume and also owned the highest impact. Keyword burst analysis indicated the frontiers and hotspots to be gold nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles. This bibliography analysis provides a comprehensive overview of uncovered current research trends and emerging hotspots of nanomaterials' biological application in myocardial infarction, thus inspiring further investigations.

Telehealth of cardiac devices for CVD treatment

This review covers currently available cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) as well as updated progress in real-time monitoring techniques for CIEDs. A variety of implantable and wearable devices that can diagnose and monitor patients with cardiovascular diseases are summarized, and various working mechanisms and principles of monitoring techniques for Telehealth and mHealth are discussed. In addition, future research directions are presented based on the rapidly evolving research landscape including Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Point-of-care paper-based analytical device for potentiometric detection of myoglobin as a cardiovascular disease biomarker

One of the cardiac biomarkers, myoglobin (Mb), is important in the rapid identification of cardio-vascular disorders. Therefore, point-of-care monitoring is essential. Pursuing this goal, a robust, reliable, and affordable paper-based analytical apparatus for potentiometric sensing has been developed and characterized. The molecular imprint technique was used to create a customized biomimetic antibody for myoglobin (Mb) on the surface of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). This was accomplished by attaching Mb to carboxylated MWCNTs' surfaces and then filling the empty spaces through the mild polymerization of acrylamide in N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulphate. The modification of the MWCNTs' surface was verified by SEM and FTIR analysis. A hydrophobic paper substrate coated with fluorinated alkyl silane (CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2SiCl3, CF10) has been coupled with a printed all-solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The presented sensors showed a linear range of 5.0 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-4 M with a potentiometric slope of -57.1 ± 0.3 mV decade-1 (R2 = 0.9998) and a detection limit of 28 nM at pH 4. Compared to creatinine, sucrose, fructose, galactose, sodium glutamate, thiamine, alanine, ammonium, uric acid, albumin, glutamine, guanine, troponine T, and glucose, the sensor showed good selectivity for Mb. It demonstrated a good recovery for the detection of Mb in several fake serum samples (93.0-103.3%), with an average relative standard deviation of 4.5%. The current approach might be viewed as a potentially fruitful analytical tool for obtaining disposable, cost-effective paper-based potentiometric sensing devices. These types of analytical devices can be potentially manufacturable at large scales in clinical analysis.

Recent advancements of nanomodified electrodes - Towards point-of-care detection of cardiac biomarkers

The increasing number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases has become a substantial concern in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Rapid and on-site monitoring of this disease is urgently important to control, prevent and make awareness of public health. Recently, a lot of focus has been placed on nanomaterials and modify these nanomaterials have been explored to detect cardiac biomarkers. By implementing biosensors that are modified with novel recognition elements and more stable nanomaterials, the use of electrochemistry for point-of-care devices is more realistic every day. This review focuses on the current state of nanomaterials conjugated biorecognition elements (enzyme integrated with nanomaterials, antibody conjugated nanomaterials and aptamer conjugated nanomaterials) for electrochemical cardiovascular disease detection. Specifically, a lot of attention has been given to the trends toward more stable biosensors that have increased the potential to be used as point-of-care devices for the detection of cardiac biomarkers due to their high stability and specificity. Moreover, the recent progress on biomolecule-free electrochemical nanosensors for cardiovascular disease detection has been considered. At last, the possibility and drawbacks of some of these techniques for point-of-care cardiac device development in the future have been discussed.

Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Biosensors and Monitoring Technologies

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes significant mortality and remains the leading cause of death globally. Thus, to reduce mortality, early diagnosis by measurement of cardiac biomarkers and heartbeat signals presents fundamental importance. Traditional CVD examination requires bulky hospital instruments to conduct electrocardiography recording and immunoassay analysis, which are both time-consuming and inconvenient. Recently, development of biosensing technologies for rapid CVD marker screening attracted great attention. Thanks to the advancement in nanotechnology and bioelectronics, novel biosensor platforms are developed to achieve rapid detection, accurate quantification, and continuous monitoring throughout disease progression. A variety of sensing methodologies using chemical, electrochemical, optical, and electromechanical means are explored. This review first discusses the prevalence and common categories of CVD. Then, heartbeat signals and cardiac blood-based biomarkers that are widely employed in clinic, as well as their utilizations for disease prognosis, are summarized. Emerging CVD wearable and implantable biosensors and monitoring bioelectronics, allowing these cardiac markers to be continuously measured are introduced. Finally, comparisons of the pros and cons of these biosensing devices along with perspectives on future CVD biosensor research are presented.

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: highlighting cardiac troponins as vital biomarkers

The molecular marker, cardiac troponin (cTn) is a complex protein that is attached to tropomyosin on the actin filament. It is an essential biomolecule in terms of the calcium-mediated regulation of the contractile apparatus in myofibrils, the release of which is an indication of the dysfunction of cardiomyocytes and hence the initiation of ischemic phenomena in the heart tissue. Fast and accurate analysis of cTn may help the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), for which electrochemical biosensors and microfluidics devices can be of great benefit. This editorial aims to highlight the importance of cTn as vital biomarkers in AMI diagnosis.

Label-Free Myoglobin Biosensor Based on Pure and Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials

In this study, using pure and copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu-TiO₂) nanostructures as the base matrix, enzyme-less label free myoglobin detection to identify acute myocardial infarction was performed and presented. The Cu-TiO₂ nanomaterials were prepared using facile sol-gel method. In order to comprehend the morphologies, compositions, structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics, the pure and Cu-TiO₂ nanomaterials were investigated by several techniques which clearly revealed good crystallinity and high purity. To fabricate the enzyme-less label free biosensor, thick films of synthesized nanomaterials were applied to the surface of a pre-fabricated gold screen-printed electrode (Au-SPE), which serves as a working electrode to construct the myoglobin (Mb) biosensors. The interference study of the fabricated biosensor was also carried out with human serum albumin (HSA) and cytochrome c (cyt-c). Interestingly, the Cu-doped TiO₂ nanomaterial-based Mb biosensor displayed a higher sensitivity of 61.51 µAcm^-2/nM and a lower detection limit of 14 pM with a response time of less than 10 ms.

Porous Carbon Nanospheres and Gold Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Aptasensor for the Detection of Streptomycin

A novel electrochemical aptasensor modified with the nanocomposite of porous carbon nanospheres and Au urchins as the signal amplification and immobility platforms for aptamer was successfully constructed for ultrasensitive and selective determination of streptomycin. The streptomycin aptamer was fixed on the surface of the nanocomposite via the strong Au–S bond between Au urchins and aptamer. The target binding-induced conformational change of aptamer resulted in signal attenuation, which was expressed as “ΔI = IBSA − Istreptomycin.” Based on the synergic signal amplification platform, the as-prepared aptamer-based sensor showed a wider linearity to streptomycin from 0.01 to 350 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 5.0 pg/mL under the optimized condition. Finally, the aptasensor was operated in milk and honey to detect streptomycin. This study has provided a facile way to develop highly sensitive, effective and efficient aptamer-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics at very low concentration.

Zero-Biased Photoelectrochemical Detection of Cardiac Biomarker Myoglobin Based on CdSeS/ZnS Quantum Dots and Barium Titanate Perovskite

Cardiovascular diseases are considered one of the leading causes of premature mortality of patients worldwide. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to ensure the patient's survival. During a heart attack or severe muscle damage, myoglobin is rapidly released in the body to constitute itself as a precise biomarker of acute myocardial infarction. Thus, we described the photoelectrochemical immunosensor development to detect myoglobin. It was based on fluorine-doped tin oxide modified with CdSeS/ZnSe quantum dots and barium titanate (BTO), designated as CdSeS/ZnSQDS/BTO. It was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry. The anodic photocurrent at the potential of 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and pH 7.4 was found linearly related to the myoglobin (Mb) concentration from 0.01 to 1000 ng mL^-1. Furthermore, the immunosensor showed an average recovery rate of 95.7-110.7% for the determination of myoglobin.

Nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular aging and related diseases

Aging-induced alternations of vasculature structures, phenotypes, and functions are key in the occurrence and development of vascular aging-related diseases. Multiple molecular and cellular events, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations are highly associated with vascular aging physiopathology. Advances in nanoparticles and nanotechnology, which can realize sensitive diagnostic modalities, efficient medical treatment, and better prognosis as well as less adverse effects on non-target tissues, provide an amazing window in the field of vascular aging and related diseases. Throughout this review, we presented current knowledge on classification of nanoparticles and the relationship between vascular aging and related diseases. Importantly, we comprehensively summarized the potential of nanoparticles-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in vascular aging and related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as chronic kidney diseases, and discussed the advantages and limitations of their clinical applications.

Electroanalytical point-of-care detection of gold standard and emerging cardiac biomarkers for stratification and monitoring in intensive care medicine - a review

Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become commonplace in emergency department (ED), cardiology and many other ward settings. Cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) are the preferred biomarkers in clinical practice for the diagnostic workup of AMI, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and other types of myocardial ischaemia and heart failure (HF), while the roles and possible clinical applications of several other potential biomarkers continue to be evaluated and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews. The requirement for rapid, repeated testing of a small number of CBs in ED and cardiology patients has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) technology to circumvent the need for remote and lengthy testing procedures in the hospital pathology laboratories. Electroanalytical sensing platforms have the potential to meet these requirements. This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of rapid CB testing in critically ill patients, a very distinct cohort of patients with deranged baseline levels of CBs. We summarise their source and clinical relevance and are the first to report the required analytical ranges for such technology to be of value in this patient cohort. Secondly, we review the current electrochemical approaches, including its sub-variants such as photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, for the determination  of important CBs highlighting the various strategies used, namely the use of micro- and nanomaterials, to maximise the sensitivities and selectivities of such approaches. Finally, we consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the commercialisation of this technology and transition into intensive care medicine.

Development of novel aptasensor for ultra-sensitive detection of myoglobin via electrochemical signal amplification of methylene blue using poly (styrene)-block-poly (acrylic acid) amphiphilic copolymer

Amplification of electrochemical signal in order to betterment of limit of detection in determination of biomarkers has an important role in early detection of some dangerous diseases such as cancers. For this purpose, in this research, two types of poly (styrene)-block-poly (acrylic acid) amphiphilic copolymer (PS₆₁-b-PAA₅₉₆ and PS₅₉₆-b-PAA₆₁) were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization method via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) technique. Chemical structure of block copolymers was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and their surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Self-assembly of these block copolymers into polymeric vesicles (polymersomes), loading and release efficiency of methylene blue as an electroactive indicator were investigated in DMF and THF solvents. On the basis of our findings PS₆₁-b-PAA₅₉₆ has better capability for loading and release of MB than PS₅₉₆-b-PAA₆₁. Then the obtained methylene blue-loaded polymersome successfully used for development of an aptasensor toward determination of trace amounts of myoglobin. The proposed aptasensor showed a wide linear range from 1.0 aM to 1.0 μM with an ultra-low detection limit of 0.73 aM. Applying this amplification strategy, determination of myoglobin in real samples was successfully performed.

A Highly Sensitive Graphene-based Field Effect Transistor for the Detection of Myoglobin

Biomedical applications adapt Nano technology-based transistors as a key component in the biosensors for diagnosing life threatening diseases like Covid-19, Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), etc. The proposed work introduces a new biosensor, based on Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GFET), which is used in the diagnosis of Myoglobin (Mb) in human blood. Graphene-based biosensors are faster, more precise, stronger, and more trustworthy. A GFET is created in this study for the detection of myoglobin biomarker at various low concentrations. Because graphene is sensitive to a variety of biomarker materials, it can be employed as a gate material. When constructed Graphene FET is applied to myoglobin antigens, it has a significant response. The detection level for myoglobin is roughly 30 fg/ml, which is quite high. The electrical behavior of the GFET-based biosensor in detecting myoglobin marker is ideal for Lab-on-Chip platforms and Cardiac Point-of-Care Diagnosis.

Sustainable chemistry approach for the preparation of bluish green emissive copper nanoclusters from Justicia adhatoda leaves extract: a facile analytical approach for the sensing of myoglobin and l-thyroxine

Sustainable chemistry approach for synthesis of fluorescent copper nanoclusters for sensing of myoglobin and l-thyroxine.