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Cavina L, Bouma MJ, Gironés D, Feiters MC. Orthoflaviviral Inhibitors in Clinical Trials, Preclinical In Vivo Efficacy Targeting NS2B-NS3 and Cellular Antiviral Activity via Competitive Protease Inhibition. Molecules 2024; 29:4047. [PMID: 39274895 PMCID: PMC11396989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthoflaviviruses, including zika (ZIKV), West Nile (WNV), and dengue (DENV) virus, induce severely debilitating infections and contribute significantly to the global disease burden, yet no clinically approved antiviral treatments exist. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of small-molecule drug development targeting orthoflaviviral infections, with a focus on NS2B-NS3 inhibition. We systematically examined clinical trials, preclinical efficacy studies, and modes of action for various viral replication inhibitors, emphasizing allosteric and orthosteric drugs inhibiting NS2B-NS3 protease with in vivo efficacy and in vitro-tested competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors with cellular efficacy. Our findings revealed that several compounds with in vivo preclinical efficacy failed to show clinical antiviral efficacy. NS3-NS4B inhibitors, such as JNJ-64281802 and EYU688, show promise, recently entering clinical trials, underscoring the importance of developing novel viral replication inhibitors targeting viral machinery. To date, the only NS2B-NS3 inhibitor that has undergone clinical trials is doxycycline, however, its mechanism of action and clinical efficacy as viral growth inhibitor require additional investigation. SYC-1307, an allosteric inhibitor, exhibits high in vivo efficacy, while temoporfin and methylene blue represent promising orthosteric non-competitive inhibitors. Compound 71, a competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitor, emerges as a leading preclinical candidate due to its high cellular antiviral efficacy, minimal cytotoxicity, and favorable in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters. Challenges remain in developing competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, including appropriate biochemical inhibition assays as well as the selectivity and conformational flexibility of the protease, complicating effective antiviral treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavina
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Mathijs J. Bouma
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gironés
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
- Protinhi Therapeutics, Transistorweg 5, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Feiters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
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Chi F, Liu X, Li J, Guo M, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Carr MJ, Li Y, Shi W. Doxycycline inhibits neurotropic enterovirus proliferation in vitro. Virus Res 2024; 345:199388. [PMID: 38714218 PMCID: PMC11127601 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) represent a global public health concern due to their association with a range of serious pediatric illnesses. Despite the high morbidity and mortality exerted by EVs, no broad-spectrum antivirals are currently available. Herein, we presented evidence that doxycycline can inhibit in vitro replication of various neurotropic EVs, including enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), and coxsackievirus (CV)-A6, in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigations indicated that the drug primarily acted at the post-entry stage of virus infection in vitro, with inhibitory effects reaching up to 89 % for EV-A71 when administered two hours post-infection. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of antiviral drugs against EV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Chi
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xinzhuo Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China
| | - Moujian Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China
| | - Michael J Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 E1W1, Ireland; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yuming Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Feng Y. Recent advances in the study of zika virus structure, drug targets, and inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1418516. [PMID: 39011504 PMCID: PMC11246971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1418516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome or encephalitis in some individuals and hence presents a serious public health risk. Since the first outbreak of ZIKV in Brazil in 2015, no effective clinical inhibitors have been developed, making the development of effective ZIKV drugs an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family, and its structure includes three structural proteins, namely, capsular (C), premembrane (prM), and envelope (E) proteins, as well as seven nonstructural proteins, namely, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. To provide a reference for the development of future ZIKV drugs, this paper reviews the structure of the ZIKV based on recent literature reports, analyzes the potential therapeutic targets of various proteins, and proposes feasible drug design strategies. Additionally, this paper reviews and classifies the latest research progress on several protease inhibitors, such as E protein inhibitors, NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, and NS5 inhibitors, so that researchers can quickly understand the current status of development and the interconnections among these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Ding L, Guo Q, Sun X, Hu G, Hu J, Fan S, Fu Y. Synthesis and Performance Testing of a BODIPY Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Doxycycline Residues in Water Environment. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310016 China
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital) Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Qing Guo
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310023 China
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- School of Life Science Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- School of Life Science Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Jiahuan Hu
- School of Life Science Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Yongqian Fu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital) Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
- School of Life Science Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 China
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Wald ME, Claus C, Konrath A, Nieper H, Muluneh A, Schmidt V, Vahlenkamp TW, Sieg M. Ivermectin Inhibits the Replication of Usutu Virus In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081641. [PMID: 36016263 PMCID: PMC9413757 DOI: 10.3390/v14081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Similar to the closely related West Nile virus (WNV), USUV infections are capable of causing mass mortality in wild and captive birds, especially blackbirds. In the last few years, a massive spread of USUV was present in the avian population of Germany and other European countries. To date, no specific antiviral therapies are available. Nine different approved drugs were tested for their antiviral effects on the replication of USUV in vitro in a screening assay. Ivermectin was identified as a potent inhibitor of USUV replication in three cell types from different species, such as simian Vero CCL-81, human A549 and avian TME R. A 2- to 7-log10 reduction of the viral titer in the supernatant was detected at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 5 µM ivermectin dependent on the applied cell line. IC50 values of ivermectin against USUV lineage Africa 3 was found to be 0.55 µM in Vero CCL-81, 1.94 µM in A549 and 1.38 µM in TME-R cells. The antiviral efficacy was comparable between the USUV lineages Africa 2, Africa 3 and Europe 3. These findings show that ivermectin may be a candidate for further experimental and clinical studies addressing the treatment of USUV disease, especially in captive birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabeth Wald
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.E.W.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Andrea Konrath
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hermann Nieper
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, 01099 Dresden, Germany; (A.K.); (H.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Thomas Wilhelm Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.E.W.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A review on structural genomics approach applied for drug discovery against three vector-borne viral diseases: Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Virus Genes 2022; 58:151-171. [PMID: 35394596 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics involves the advent of three-dimensional structures of the genome encoded proteins through various techniques available. Numerous structural genomics research groups have been developed across the globe and they contribute enormously to the identification of three-dimensional structures of various proteins. In this review, we have discussed the applications of the structural genomics approach towards the discovery of potential lead-like molecules against the genomic drug targets of three vector-borne diseases, namely, Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Currently, all these three diseases are associated with the most important global public health problems and significant economic burden in tropical countries. Structural genomics has accelerated the identification of novel drug targets and inhibitors for the treatment of these diseases. We start with the current development status of the drug targets and antiviral drugs against these three diseases and conclude by describing challenges that need to be addressed to overcome the shortcomings in the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rok J, Rzepka Z, Kowalska J, Banach K, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. The Anticancer Potential of Doxycycline and Minocycline-A Comparative Study on Amelanotic Melanoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020831. [PMID: 35055021 PMCID: PMC8775630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is still a serious medical problem. Relatively high mortality, a still-growing number of newly diagnosed cases, and insufficiently effective methods of therapy necessitate melanoma research. Tetracyclines are compounds with pleiotropic pharmacological properties. Previously published studies on melanotic melanoma cells ascertained that minocycline and doxycycline exerted an anti-melanoma effect. The purpose of the study was to assess the anti-melanoma potential and mechanisms of action of minocycline and doxycycline using A375 and C32 human amelanotic melanoma cell lines. The obtained results indicate that the tested drugs inhibited proliferation, decreased cell viability, and induced apoptosis in amelanotic melanoma cells. The treatment caused changes in the cell cycle profile and decreased the intracellular level of reduced thiols and mitochondrial membrane potential. The exposure of A375 and C32 cells to minocycline and doxycycline triggered the release of cytochrome c and activated initiator and effector caspases. The anti-melanoma effect of analyzed drugs appeared to be related to the up-regulation of ERK1/2 and MITF. Moreover, it was noticed that minocycline and doxycycline increased the level of LC3A/B, an autophagy marker, in A375 cells. In summary, the study showed the pleiotropic anti-cancer action of minocycline and doxycycline against amelanotic melanoma cells. Considering all results, it could be concluded that doxycycline was a more potent drug than minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-364-15-47
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