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Peng Q, Tao W, Yu F, Xiong Q, Nong C, Zhang W, Fan J. Physiological and Biochemical Analysis Revealing the Key Factors Influencing 2-Phenylethanol and Benzyl Alcohol Production in Crabapple Flowers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:631. [PMID: 38475477 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Floral scent (FS) plays a crucial role in the ecological functions and industrial applications of plants. However, the physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying FS formation remain inadequately explored. Our investigation focused on elucidating the differential formation mechanisms of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and benzyl alcohol (BA) by examining seven related enzyme concentrations and the content of soluble sugar, soluble proteins, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), as well as the C/N ratio. The findings revealed that the peak content of 2-PE in M. 'Praire Rose' and BA in M. 'Lollipop' occurred during the end flowering stage (S4) and flowering stage (S3) periods, respectively. The enzyme concentration change trends of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PDL), phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR), soluble protein, C, N, and C/N ratio changes during the S3-S4 period in M. 'Praire Rose' and M. 'Lollipop' were entirely opposite. Correlation and PCA analysis demonstrated that the content of CYP79D73 (a P450) and N, and the C/N ratio were key factors in 2-PE production in M. 'Praire Rose'. The production of BA in M. 'Lollipop' was more influenced by the content of phenylacetaldehyde synthase (PAAS), CYP79D73, and soluble sugar. As CYP79D73 exits oppositely in correlation to 2-PE (M. 'Praire Rose') and BA (M. 'Lollipop'), it is hypothesized that CYP79D73 was postulated as the primary factor contributing to the observed differences of 2-PE (M. 'Praire Rose') and BA (M. 'Lollipop') formation. These results carry significant implications for crabapple aromatic flower breeding and the essential oil industry etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenkai Tao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qinqin Xiong
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunshi Nong
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wangxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junjun Fan
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, No. 99 Hongjing Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211169, China
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Yue Y, Zhang X, Wang L, He J, Yang S, Li X, Yu Y, Yu R, Fan Y. Identification and Characterization of Jasmonic Acid Methyltransferase Involved in the Formation of Floral Methyl Jasmonate in Hedychium coronarium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38202316 PMCID: PMC10780636 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Hedychium coronarium is a popular ornamental flower in tropical and subtropical areas due to its elegant appearance and inviting fragrance. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is one of the volatile compounds in the blooming flowers of H. coronarium. However, the molecular mechanism underlying floral MeJA formation is still unclear in H. coronarium. In this study, a total of 12 SABATH family genes were identified in the genome of H. coronarium, and their encoded proteins range from 366 to 387 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades in the SABATH family and a JMT ortholog clade, including two HcSABATH members. Combined with expression profiling of HcSABATH members, HcJMT1 was identified as the top candidate gene for floral MeJA biosynthesis. In vitro enzyme assays showed that HcJMT1 can catalyze the production of MeJA from jasmonic acid. Gene expression analysis indicated that HcJMT1 exhibited the highest expression in the labella and lateral petals, the major sites of MeJA emission. During flower development, the two MeJA isomers, major isomers in the products of the HcJMT1 protein, were released after anthesis, in which stage HcJMT1 displayed high expression. Our results indicated that HcJMT1 is involved in the formation of floral MeJA in H. coronarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lan Wang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jieling He
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shengnan Yang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinyue Li
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunyi Yu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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3
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Ferreira I, Dias T, Mouazen AM, Cruz C. Using Science and Technology to Unveil The Hidden Delicacy Terfezia arenaria, a Desert Truffle. Foods 2023; 12:3527. [PMID: 37835181 PMCID: PMC10572273 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terfezia arenaria is a desert truffle native to the Mediterranean Basin region, highly appreciated for its nutritional and aromatic properties. Despite the increasing interest in this desert truffle, T. arenaria is not listed as an edible truffle authorized for trade in the European Union. Therefore, our objective was to showcase T. arenaria's nutritional and chemical composition and volatile profile. The nutritional analysis showed that T. arenaria is a good source of carbohydrates (67%), proteins (14%), and dietary fibre (10%), resulting in a Nutri-Score A. The truffle's volatile profile was dominated by eight-carbon volatile compounds, with 1-octen-3-ol being the most abundant (64%), and 29 compounds were reported for the first time for T. arenaria. T. arenaria's nutritional and chemical compositions were similar to those of four commercial mushroom and truffle species, while the aromatic profile was not. An electronic nose corroborated that T. arenaria's aromatic profile differs from that of the other four tested mushroom and truffle species. Our data showed that T. arenaria is a valuable food resource with a unique aroma and an analogous composition to meat, which makes it an ideal source for plant-based meat products. Our findings could help promote a sustainable future exploitation of T. arenaria and ensure the quality and authenticity of this delicacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Abdul M. Mouazen
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (C.C.)
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Sun J, Tian K, Jing L, Niu Y, Lou Q, Chen H. Identification of characteristic aroma compounds for spicy in Iris lactea var. chinensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14016. [PMID: 37882258 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz has a unique floral fragrance that differs from that of other Iris spp.; however, its characteristic aroma composition remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the floral fragrance components of I. lactea var. chinensis during different flowering stages using headspace solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation. During the three flowering phases (bud stage, bloom stage, and decay stage), 70 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including 13 aldehydes, 13 esters, 11 alcohols, 10 alkanes, 8 ketones, 7 terpenes, 7 benzenoids, and 1 nitrogenous compound, were identified. According to principal component analysis, the primary VOCs were (-)-pinene, β-irone, methyl heptenone, phenylethanol, hexanol, and 2-pinene. A comparison of the differential VOCs across the different flowering stages using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that 3-carene appeared only in the bud stage, whereas hexanol, ethyl caprate, ethyl caproate, linalool, (-)-pinene, and 2-pinene appeared or were present at significantly increased levels during the bloom stage. The phenylethanol, methyl heptenone, 3-methylheptane, and β-irone reached a peak in the decay stage. The odor activity value and sensory evaluation suggested that "spicy" is the most typical odor of I. lactea var. chinensis, mainly due to 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, which is rare in floral fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kexin Tian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Jing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yafei Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Lou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Abouelenein D, Acquaticci L, Alessandroni L, Borsetta G, Caprioli G, Mannozzi C, Marconi R, Piatti D, Santanatoglia A, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Mustafa AM. Volatile Profile of Strawberry Fruits and Influence of Different Drying Methods on Their Aroma and Flavor: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5810. [PMID: 37570780 PMCID: PMC10420878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberries are the most popular berry fruit in the world, due to their distinctive aroma, flavor, and known health properties. Because volatile substances play a large role in strawberry flavor, even little alterations can have a big impact on how the fruit tastes. Strawberries are thought to have a complex aroma. Fresh strawberry fruits contain more than 360 volatile compounds, including esters, furans, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur compounds. Despite having far lower concentrations than esters, terpenoids, furanones, and sulfur compounds, all have a considerable impact on how people perceive the aroma of strawberries. With a focus on the active aroma components and the many analytical methods used to identify them, including gas chromatography, electronic nose sensing, and proton-transfer- reaction mass spectrometry, the present review's aim was to provide a summary of the relevant literature. Additionally, strawberry fruits are frequently dried to create a powder in order to increase their shelf life. Consequently, the impact of various drying techniques on strawberries' volatile profile was investigated in the current review. This review can be considered a good reference for research concerning the aroma profile of strawberries. It helps to better understand the complex aroma and flavor of strawberries and provides a guide for the effects of drying processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Abouelenein
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Laura Acquaticci
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Laura Alessandroni
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Germana Borsetta
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Cinzia Mannozzi
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Riccardo Marconi
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Diletta Piatti
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Agnese Santanatoglia
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Sauro Vittori
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Ahmed M. Mustafa
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Abbas F, Zhou Y, He J, Fan Y, Yu R. Light Regulation of LoCOP1 and Its Role in Floral Scent Biosynthesis in Lilium 'Siberia'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2004. [PMID: 37653921 PMCID: PMC10223427 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental signal that governs plant growth, development, and metabolism. Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is a light signaling component that plays a vital role in plant light responses. We isolated the COP1 gene (LoCOP1) from the petals of Lilium 'Siberia' and investigated its function. The LoCOP1 protein was found to be the most similar to Apostasia shenzhenica COP1. LoCOP1 was found to be an important factor located in the nucleus and played a negative regulatory role in floral scent production and emission using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach. The yeast two-hybrid, β-galactosidase, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays revealed that LoCOP1 interacts with LoMYB1 and LoMYB3. Furthermore, light modified both the subcellular distribution of LoCOP1 and its interactions with LoMYB1 and MYB3 in onion cells. The findings highlighted an important regulatory mechanism in the light signaling system that governs scent emission in Lilium 'Siberia' by the ubiquitination and degradation of transcription factors via the proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Qin Wang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Farhat Abbas
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingjuan He
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (F.A.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Abbas F, Zhou Y, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Alam I, Ke Y, Wang HC. Aroma Components in Horticultural Crops: Chemical Diversity and Usage of Metabolic Engineering for Industrial Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091748. [PMID: 37176806 PMCID: PMC10180852 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce an incredible variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that assist the interactions with their environment, such as attracting pollinating insects and seed dispersers and defense against herbivores, pathogens, and parasites. Furthermore, VOCs have a significant economic impact on crop quality, as well as the beverage, food, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. These VOCs are mainly classified as terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanes, and fatty acid derivates. Fruits and vegetables are rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, while aroma compounds play a major role in flavor and quality management of these horticultural commodities. Subtle shifts in aroma compounds can dramatically alter the flavor and texture of fruits and vegetables, altering their consumer appeal. Rapid innovations in -omics techniques have led to the isolation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several volatiles, which has aided to our comprehension of the regulatory molecular pathways involved in VOC production. The present review focuses on the significance of aroma volatiles to the flavor and aroma profile of horticultural crops and addresses the industrial applications of plant-derived volatile terpenoids, particularly in food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuel industries. Additionally, the methodological constraints and complexities that limit the transition from gene selection to host organisms and from laboratories to practical implementation are discussed, along with metabolic engineering's potential for enhancing terpenoids volatile production at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Intikhab Alam
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- College of Economics and Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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8
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Ke Y, Zhou Y, Lv Y, Qi Y, Wei H, Lei Y, Huang F, Abbas F. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis provides insights on the floral scent formation in Hydrangea arborescens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023:e13914. [PMID: 37072650 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens var. 'Annabelle') flowers are composed of sweet aroma sepals rather than true petals and can change color. Floral volatiles play important roles in plants, such as attracting pollinators, defending against herbivores, and signaling. However, the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms underlying fragrance formation in H. arborescens during flower development remain unknown. In this study, a combination of metabolite profiling and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to identify genes associated with floral scent biosynthesis mechanisms in 'Annabelle' flowers at three developmental stages (F1, F2, and F3). The floral volatile data revealed that the 'Annabelle' volatile profile includes a total of 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and VOCs were abundant during the F2 stage of flower development, followed by the F1 and F3 stages, respectively. Terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids were abundant during the F2 and F1 stages, with the latter being the most abundant, whereas fatty acid derivatives and other compounds were found in large amount during the F3 stage. According to ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, benzene and substituted derivatives, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and fatty acyls play a significant role in the floral metabolite profile. The transcriptome data revealed a total of 17,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 7,585, 12,795, and 9,044 DEGs discovered between the F2 and F1, F3 and F1, and F2 and F3 stages, respectively. Several terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids biosynthesis-related DEGs were identified, and GRAS/bHLH/MYB/AP2/WRKY were more abundant among transcription factors (TFs). Finally, DEGs interlinked with VOCs compounds were determined using cytoscape and k-means analysis. Our results paves the way for the discovery of new genes, critical data for future genetic studies, and a platform for the metabolic engineering of genes involved in the production of Hydrangea's signature floral fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Ke
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Lv
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Huanyu Wei
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Feiyan Huang
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Abbas F, Guo S, Zhou Y, Wu J, Amanullah S, Wang HC, Shen J. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis of terpene synthase genes and their putative role in floral aroma production in Litchi chinensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13796. [PMID: 36251666 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are essential traits of flowers since they attract pollinators, aid in seed distribution, protect the plant from internal and external stimuli, and are involved in plant-plant and plant-environment interactions. Apart from their role in plants, VOCs are used in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, cosmetics, and flavorings. Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a popular fruit due to its enticing red appearance, exotic taste, and high nutritional qualities. Litchi flowers bloom as inflorescences primarily on the shoot terminals. There are three distinct flower types, two male and one female, all of which are produced on the same panicle and rely on insect pollination. Herein, we used a comprehensive metabolomic approach to examine the volatile profile of litchi fruit (green pericarp, yellow pericarp, and red pericarp) as well as male and female flowers (bud stage, half open and full bloom). From a quantitative examination of the volatiles in L. chinensis, a total of 19, 22, and 21 VOCs were discovered from female flowers, male flowers, and fruits, with the majority of them belonging to sesquiterpenes. Multivariate analysis revealed that the volatile profiles of fruits differ from those of male and female flowers. Three VOCs were unique to male flowers and ten to the fruit, while eight VOCs were shared by both male and female flowers and eleven by both male and female flowers and the fruit. Furthermore, for the first time, we identified and comprehensively studied the TERPENE SYNTHASE genes (TPS) using the litchi genome and transcriptome database, which revealed 38 TPS genes unevenly distributed across the 15 chromosomes. A phylogenetic study showed that LcTPS were grouped into TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-e, TPS-f, and TPS-g subfamilies, with TPS-b having the most genes. The conserved motifs (RRX8 W, NSE/DTE, and DDXX D) were studied in LcTPSs, and significant variation between subfamilies was discovered. Furthermore, after integrating the metabolome and transcriptome datasets, several VOCs were shown to be development-specific and highly linked with distinct LcTPS genes, making them promising biomarkers. Interestingly, LcTPS17/20/23/24/31 were associated with monoterpene edges, while the rest were connected to sesquiterpene edges, indicating their probable participation in the aroma biosynthesis mechanism of certain compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sikandar Amanullah
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Magro C, Gonçalves OC, Morais M, Ribeiro PA, Sério S, Vieira P, Raposo M. Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring during Extreme Wildfires: Assessing the Potential of Sensors Based on LbL and Sputtering Films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176677. [PMID: 36081137 PMCID: PMC9460900 DOI: 10.3390/s22176677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new theory suggests that flammable gases generated by heated vegetation, in particular the volatile organic compounds (VOC) common to Mediterranean plants, may, under certain topographic and wind conditions, accumulate in locations where, after the arrival of the ignition source, they rapidly burst into flames as explosions. Hence, there is a need for the development of a system that can monitor the development of these compounds. In this work, a sensor's array is proposed as a method for monitoring the amount of eucalyptol and α-pinene, the major VOC compounds of the Eucalyptus and Pine trees. The detection of the target compounds was assessed using the impedance spectroscopy response of thin films. Combinations of layers of polyelectrolytes, such as poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(sodium 4-sytrenesulfonate) (PSS) graphene oxide (GO), and non/functionalized multiwall nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH or MWCNT), namely, PAH/GO, PEI/PSS, PEI/GO, PAH/MWCNT, PAH/MWCNT-COOH, films, and TiO2 and ZnO sputtered films, were deposited onto ceramic supports coated with gold interdigitated electrodes. The results showed that concentrations of the target VOCs, within the range of 68 to 999 ppmv, can be easily distinguished by analyzing the impedance spectra, particularly in the case of the ZnO- and PAH/GO-film-based sensors, which showed the best results in the detection of the target compounds. Through principal component analysis (PCA), the best set of features attained for the ZnO and PAH/GO based sensor devices revealed a linear trend of the PCA's first principal component with the concentration within the range 109 and 807 ppmv. Thus, the values of sensitivity to eucalyptol and α-pinene concentrations, which were (2.2 ± 0.3) × 10-4 and (5.0 ± 0.7) × 10-5 per decade, respectively, as well as resolutions of 118 and 136 ppbv, respectively, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Magro
- Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
- School for International Training, World Learning Inc., Brattleboro, VT 05302, USA
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Morais
- Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Paulo A. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Susana Sério
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira
- Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Maria Raposo
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.R.)
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11
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Zhang K, Wang J, Fan X, Zhu G, Lu T, Xue R. Discrimination between raw and ginger juice processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex based on HPLC and Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:722-734. [PMID: 35318753 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnoliae officinalis cortex (MOC), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in treating gastrointestinal diseases since ancient time. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, it includes two kinds of decoction pieces, raw and ginger juice processed Magnoliae officinalis cortex (RMOC and GMOC). OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to study the differences between non-volatile and volatile components in RMOC and GMOC. METHODS The non-volatile components were detected by HPLC fingerprinting coupled with content determination (syringin, magnoflorine, honokiol and magnolol). Meanwhile, their odor information was obtained using a Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose to conduct radar fingerprint analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant factor analysis, and the volatile components were analyzed qualitatively by the Kovats retention index and the AroChemBase database. RESULTS The HPLC fingerprints were established and 20 common peaks were found in all chromatograms with similarity values of more than 0.900. The content determination results showed that the contents of syringin and magnoflorine decreased, while the contents of honokiol and magnolol increased in GMOC. By the gas phase electronic nose, the two decoction pieces could be distinguished obviously and 16 possible compounds were identified. Among them, the relative contents of (-)-α-pinene and β-pinene increased, while β-phellandrene and (+)-limonene levels decreased. CONCLUSION The results suggested that honokiol, magnolol, (-)-α-pinene and β-pinene might be the main substances which could enhance the harmonizing effect on the stomach. Moreover, this paper could lay a foundation for exploring the processing mechanism of MOC and provide a novel method for the research of other traditional Chinese medicine with strong aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingchen Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tulin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Abbas F, Zhou Y, He J, Ke Y, Qin W, Yu R, Fan Y. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling Analysis Revealed That Melatonin Positively Regulates Floral Scent Production in Hedychium coronarium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:808899. [PMID: 34975998 PMCID: PMC8719004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that regulates a variety of developmental processes. Floral volatiles are important features of flowers that facilitate flower-visitor interactions by attracting pollinators, structure flower-visitor communities, and play defensive roles against plant and flower antagonists. Aside from their role in plants, floral volatiles are an essential ingredient in cosmetics, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings. Herein, integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were carried out to analyze the changes triggered by melatonin exposure during the Hedychium coronarium flower development stages. Quantitative analysis of the volatiles of H. coronarium flowers revealed that volatile organic compound emission was significantly enhanced after melatonin exposure during the half bloom (HS), full bloom (FB) and fade stage (FS). Under the melatonin treatment, the emission of volatile contents was highest during the full bloom stage of the flower. Variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) identified 15 volatile compounds with VIP > 1 that were prominently altered by the melatonin treatments. According to the transcriptome sequencing data of the HS, FB, and FS of the flowers, 1,372, 1,510, and 1,488 differentially expressed genes were identified between CK-HS and 100MT-HS, CK-FB and 100MT-FB, and CK-FS and 100MT-FS, respectively. Among the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 76 were significantly upregulated and directly involved in the floral scent biosynthesis process. In addition, certain volatile organic compounds were substantially linked with various DEGs after combining the metabolome and transcriptome datasets. Moreover, some transcription factors, such as MYB and bHLH, were also significantly upregulated in the comparison, which might be related to the floral aroma mechanism. Our results suggested that melatonin increased floral aroma production in H. coronarium flowers by modifying the expression level of genes involved in the floral scent biosynthesis pathway. These findings serve as a foundation for future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic changes in volatile contents induced by melatonin treatment in H. coronarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjuan He
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Wang Qin
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Fan
- Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanping Fan,
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