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Biswas P, More SS. Using Small Molecules for Targeting Heavy Metals in Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:135-148. [PMID: 38427235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs, natural toxins, industrial chemicals, and various environmental toxins negatively impact the nervous system. A significant cause of many neurodegenerative diseases is neurotoxicity. Although trace amounts of heavy metals are required for the proper functioning of several metabolic pathways, their dysregulation can cause many cellular and molecular alterations, which can enhance the risks associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. For example, high levels of heavy metals like manganese (Mn) affect the central nervous system with implications in both higher-order cognitive and motor functions. In addition, the buildup of amyloid aggregates and metal ions in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease is associated with disease pathogenesis. Small molecules capable of targeting neuroinflammation and neuroprotection pathways would be valuable to elucidate the pathological pathways associated with metal toxicity in neurogenerative disease. This chapter will summarize the necessary steps involved in (1) culturing of cell lines and maintenance of animal models, (2) design and preparation of samples of small molecules and treatment methodologies, (3) RNA and protein isolation and preparation of tissue and cell culture samples for quantitative studies, and (4) quantitative estimation of cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronama Biswas
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil S More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Zhong G, Wang X, Li J, Xie Z, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Cao X, Li T, Liu J, Wang Q. Insights Into the Role of Copper in Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1650-1671. [PMID: 38037913 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231103085859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a collection of neurological disorders originating from the progressive degeneration of neurons, resulting in the dysfunction of neurons. Unfortunately, effective therapeutic interventions for these diseases are presently lacking. Copper (Cu), a crucial trace element within the human body, assumes a pivotal role in various biological metabolic processes, including energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmission. These processes are vital for the sustenance, growth, and development of organisms. Mounting evidence suggests that disrupted copper homeostasis contributes to numerous age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Wilson's disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), prion diseases, and multiple sclerosis (MS). This comprehensive review investigates the connection between the imbalance of copper homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, summarizing pertinent drugs and therapies that ameliorate neuropathological changes, motor deficits, and cognitive impairments in these conditions through the modulation of copper metabolism. These interventions include Metal-Protein Attenuating Compounds (MPACs), copper chelators, copper supplements, and zinc salts. Moreover, this review highlights the potential of active compounds derived from natural plant medicines to enhance neurodegenerative disease outcomes by regulating copper homeostasis. Among these compounds, polyphenols are particularly abundant. Consequently, this review holds significant implications for the future development of innovative drugs targeting the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyuan Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqing Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Azlan UK, Khairul Annuar NA, Mediani A, Aizat WM, Damanhuri HA, Tong X, Yanagisawa D, Tooyama I, Wan Ngah WZ, Jantan I, Hamezah HS. An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1035220. [PMID: 36686668 PMCID: PMC9849397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of Moringa oleifera have been documented in numerous studies due to its richness of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights up-to-date research findings on the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera, including mechanisms against NDs. The information was gathered from databases, which include Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid-MEDLINE, Springer, and Elsevier. Neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera were mainly assessed by using the crude extracts in vitro and in vivo experiments. Isolated compounds from M. oleifera such as moringin, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, and identified compounds of M. oleifera such as phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, (-)-epicatechin, and isoquercitrin) have been reported to have neuropharmacological activities. Therefore, these compounds may potentially contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More in-depth studies using in vivo animal models of neurological-related disorders and extensive preclinical investigations, such as pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and bioavailability studies are necessary before clinical trials can be carried out to develop M. oleifera constituents into neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummi Kalthum Azlan
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Mediani
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- 3School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daijiro Yanagisawa
- 4Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- 5Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- 5Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah,
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Narra SS, Rondeau P, Fernezelian D, Gence L, Ghaddar B, Bourdon E, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Rastegar S, Diotel N. Distribution of microglia/immune cells in the brain of adult zebrafish in homeostatic and regenerative conditions: Focus on oxidative stress during brain repair. J Comp Neurol 2022; 531:238-255. [PMID: 36282721 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are macrophage-like cells exerting determinant roles in neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress processes during brain regeneration. We used zebrafish as a model of brain plasticity and repair. First, by performing L-plastin (Lcp1) immunohistochemistry and using transgenic Tg(mpeg1.1:GFP) or Tg(mpeg1.1:mCherry) fish, we analyzed the distribution of microglia/immune cells in the whole brain. Specific regional differences were evidenced in terms of microglia/immune cell density and morphology (elongated, branched, highly branched, and amoeboid). Taking advantage of Tg(fli:GFP) and Tg(GFAP::GFP) enabling the detection of endothelial cells and neural stem cells (NSCs), we highlighted the association of elongated microglia/immune cells with blood vessels and rounded/amoeboid microglia with NSCs. Second, after telencephalic injury, we showed that L-plastin cells were still abundantly present at 5 days post-lesion (dpl) and were associated with regenerative neurogenesis. Finally, RNA-sequencing analysis from injured telencephalon (5 dpl) confirmed the upregulation of microglia/immune cell markers and highlighted a significant increase of genes involved in oxidative stress (nox2, nrf2a, and gsr). The analysis of antioxidant activities at 5 dpl also revealed an upregulation of superoxide dismutase and persistent H2 O2 generation in the injured telencephalon. Also, microglia/immune cells were shown to be a source of oxidative stress at 5 dpl. Overall, our data provide a better characterization of microglia/immune cell distribution in the healthy zebrafish brain, highlighting some evolutionarily conserved features with mammals. They also emphasize that 5 days after injury, microglia/immune cells are still activated and are associated to a persistent redox imbalance. Together, these data raise the question of the role of oxidative stress in regenerative neurogenesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sandhya Narra
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Danielle Fernezelian
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Laura Gence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Batoul Ghaddar
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems‐Biological Information Processing (IBCS‐BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) Saint‐Denis de La Réunion France
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Wang X, Fu Y, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. Quercetin Can Improve Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Neurol 2022; 13:905640. [PMID: 35669881 PMCID: PMC9163835 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.905640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is complex. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, with most current interventions focused on improving the symptoms. Inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress caused by secondary SCI may instigate serious consequences in the event of SCI. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as a key signaling molecule, participates in the regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in several processes associated with SCI. Quercetin can reduce the loss of myelin sheath, enhance the ability of antioxidant stress, and promote axonal regeneration. Moreover, quercetin is also a significant player in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway that improves pathological alterations following neuronal injury. Herein, we review the therapeutic effects of quercetin in SCI through its modulation of the mTOR signaling pathway and elaborate on how it can be a potential interventional agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuke Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
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Lin MC, Liu CC, Lin YC, Hsu CW. Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Essential Elements, Zn/Cu Ratio, Hazardous Metal, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Activity in the Brain Cortex during Cerebral Ischemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020396. [PMID: 35204278 PMCID: PMC8868580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces oxidative brain injury via increased oxidative stress. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal chelation effects through its active polyphenol constituent. This study investigates whether EGCG protection against cerebral ischemia-induced brain cortex injury occurs through modulating lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, the essential elements of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), Zn/Cu ratio, and the hazardous metal lead (Pb). Experimentally, assessment of the ligation group was performed by occlusion of the right common carotid artery and the right middle cerebral artery for 1 h. The prevention group was intraperitoneally injected with EGCG (50 mg/kg) once daily for 10 days before cerebral ischemia. The brain cortex tissues were homogenized and the supernatants were harvested for biochemical analysis. Results indicated that cerebral ischemia markedly decreased SOD, CAT, Mg, Zn, Se, and Zn/Cu ratio and increased malondialdehyde (MDA), Fe, Cu, and Pb in the ischemic brain cortex. Notably, pretreating rats with EGCG before ischemic injury significantly reversed these biochemical results. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotection of EGCG in the ischemic brain cortex during cerebral ischemia involves attenuating oxidative injury. Notably, this neuroprotective mechanism is associated with regulating lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, essential elements, Zn/Cu ratio, and hazardous metal Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2239-1647 (M.-C.L.); +886-4-2463-2000 (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chien-Chi Liu
- Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 404336, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Wen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Kang Branch, Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung 407211, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2239-1647 (M.-C.L.); +886-4-2463-2000 (C.-W.H.)
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