1
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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Energetic Aspects and Molecular Mechanism of 3-Nitro-substituted 2-Isoxazolines Formation via Nitrile N-Oxide [3+2] Cycloaddition: An MEDT Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:3042. [PMID: 38998997 PMCID: PMC11243562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselectivity and the molecular mechanism of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between nitro-substituted formonitrile N-oxide 1 and electron-rich alkenes were explored on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was established that the thermodynamic factors allow for the formation of stable cycloadducts along all considered models. The analysis of the kinetic parameters of the main processes show that all [3+2] cycloadditions should be realized with full regioselectivity. In all cases, the formation of 5-substituted 3-nitro-2-isoxazolidines is clearly preferred. It is interesting that regiodirection is not determined by the local electrophile/nucleophile interactions but by steric effects. From a mechanistic point of view, all considered reactions should be treated as polar, one-step reactions. All attempts to locate the hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates along the cycloaddition paths were, however, not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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2
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Maľučká LU, Vilková M. Spectral Assignment in the [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Methyl (2 E)-3-(Acridin-4-yl)-prop-2-enoate and 4-[( E)-2-Phenylethenyl]acridin with Unstable Nitrile N-Oxides. Molecules 2024; 29:2756. [PMID: 38930822 PMCID: PMC11206844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The investigation of cycloaddition reactions involving acridine-based dipolarophiles revealed distinct regioselectivity patterns influenced mainly by the electronic factor. Specifically, the reactions of methyl-(2E)-3-(acridin-4-yl)-prop-2-enoate and 4-[(1E)-2-phenylethenyl]acridine with unstable benzonitrile N-oxides were studied. For methyl-(2E)-3-(acridin-4-yl)-prop-2-enoate, the formation of two regioisomers favoured the 5-(acridin-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates, with remarkable exclusivity in the case of 4-methoxybenzonitrile oxide. Conversely, 4-[(1E)-2-phenylethenyl]acridine displayed reversed regioselectivity, favouring products 4-[3-(substituted phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]acridine. Subsequent hydrolysis of isolated methyl 5-(acridin-4-yl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates resulted in the production of carboxylic acids, with nearly complete conversion. During NMR measurements of carboxylic acids in CDCl3, decarboxylation was observed, indicating the formation of a new prochiral carbon centre C-4, further confirmed by a noticeable colour change. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into regioselectivity in cycloaddition reactions and subsequent transformations, suggesting potential applications across diverse scientific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ungvarská Maľučká
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Vilková
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
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3
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Sadowski M, Synkiewicz-Musialska B, Kula K. (1 E,3 E)-1,4-Dinitro-1,3-butadiene-Synthesis, Spectral Characteristics and Computational Study Based on MEDT, ADME and PASS Simulation. Molecules 2024; 29:542. [PMID: 38276620 PMCID: PMC10821504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of conjugated nitrodienes is becoming increasingly popular. These molecules are successfully applied in cycloaddition to synthesize six-membered rings in Diels-Alder reactions. Nitrodienes can be also applied to obtain bis-compounds in [3+2] cycloaddition. Moreover, the presence of a nitro group in the structure provides a possibility of further modification of the products. The simplest symmetrical representative of conjugated nitrodienes is (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene. Although the first mentions of the compound date back to the early 1950s, the compound has not yet been examined thoroughly enough. Therefore, in this article, a comprehensive study of (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene has been described. For this purpose, an experimental study including the synthesis process as well as an evaluation of the spectral characteristics has been conducted. So as to better understand the properties of this compound, a computational study of reactivity indices based on MEDT and also an assessment of pharmacokinetics and biological activity according to ADME and PASS methodologies have been made. On this basis, some future application trends of (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Sadowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Zabłocie 39, 30-701 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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4
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Dresler E, Woliński P, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. On the Question of Zwitterionic Intermediates in the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions between Aryl Azides and Ethyl Propiolate. Molecules 2023; 28:8152. [PMID: 38138640 PMCID: PMC10745654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between aryl azides and ethyl propiolate was evaluated in the framework of the Molecular Electron Density Theory. It was found that independently of the nature of the substituent within the azide molecule, the cycloaddition process is realized via a polar but single-step mechanism. All attempts of localization as postulated earlier by Abu-Orabi and coworkers' zwitterionic intermediates were not successful. At the same time, the formation of zwitterions with an "extended" conformation is possible on parallel reaction paths. The ELF analysis shows that the studied cycloaddition reaction leading to the 1,4-triazole proceeds by a two-stage one-step mechanism. It also revealed that both zwitterions are created by the donation of the nitrogen atom's nonbonding electron densities to carbon atoms of ethyl propiolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Woliński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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Boutadghart T, Ghailane R. A molecular electron density theory study of asymmetric Diels-Alder [4 + 2] reaction's mechanism of furan with three substituted alkynes (5-R substituted-3-(3-(phenylsulfonyl)-propioloyl)-oxazolidin-2-one). J Mol Model 2023; 29:290. [PMID: 37612461 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The [4 +2 ] cycloaddition reactions between furan and three substituted alkynes (5-R-substituted-3-(3-(phenylsulfonyl)-propioloyl)-oxazolidin-2-one) have been investigated using the MEDT approach. Reactivity indices, reaction pathways, and activation energies are calculated. In an investigation of conceptual DFT indices, furan acts as a nucleophile, while the three substituted alkynes (5-R-substituted-3-(3-(phenylsulfonyl)-propioloyl)-oxazolidin-2-one) function as electrophiles in this reaction. The cycloaddition is regioiselective, as demonstrated by the activation and reaction energies, in clear agreement with the experiment's results. Hetero Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloadditions occur following a non-concerted two stages one-step molecular mechanism. METHODS For the purpose of this study, all calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 software. Optimization was achieved through Berny's computational gradient optimization method, employing the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G(d) basis set. Analysis of both local and global reactivity indices provided insights into the reactivity tendencies of the reactants, distinguishing between electrophilic and nucleophilic characteristics via Parr functions. Frequency calculations were employed to identify and characterize stationary points, with transition states indicated by a single imaginary frequency and positive values of all frequencies for reactants and product. The electron localization function (ELF) was investigated using the Multiwfn software within the context of topological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Boutadghart
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Modeling, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ibn Tofail, Po Box 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Rachida Ghailane
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Unit of Theoretical Chemistry and Modeling, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ibn Tofail, Po Box 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco.
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6
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Mangalagiu II. Huisgen 3 + n Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: An Accessible and Useful Tool in Modern Organic and Heterocycle Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:5692. [PMID: 37570661 PMCID: PMC10420650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocycle derivatives have been reported as invaluable compounds in agriculture […].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel I Mangalagiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Bvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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7
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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of Thermal and LA-Catalysed Diels-Alder Reactions between Cyclopentadiene and Isopropyl 3-Nitroprop-2-Enate. Molecules 2023; 28:5289. [PMID: 37513163 PMCID: PMC10386420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction with the participation of cyclopentadiene and isopropyl 3-nitroprop-2-enate was examined based on wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was found that the type of mechanism for the conversion of addends depends significantly on the reaction conditions. In less-polar environments, a one-step polar mechanism is realised. In more polar solvents, the formation of "extended"-type zwitterionic intermediates is possible. In contrast, in the presence of an LA-type catalyst, the one-step mechanisms are replaced by respective stepwise mechanisms with zwitterionic or heterocyclic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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8
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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Understanding the Regioselectivity and the Molecular Mechanism of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between Nitrous Oxide and Conjugated Nitroalkenes: A DFT Computational Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238441. [PMID: 36500530 PMCID: PMC9738823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regiochemical aspects and the molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition between nitrous oxide and conjugated nitroalkenes were evaluated on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311 + G(d) (PCM) computational study. It was found that, independently of the nature of the nitroalkene, all considered processes are realized via polar, single-step mechanisms. All attempts at the localization of hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates were unsuccessful. Additionally, the DFT computational study suggested that, in the course of the reaction, the formation of respective Δ2-4-nitro-4-R1-5-R2-1-oxa-2,3-diazolines was preferred from the kinetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kula K, Łapczuk A, Sadowski M, Kras J, Zawadzińska K, Demchuk OM, Gaurav GK, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. On the Question of the Formation of Nitro-Functionalized 2,4-Pyrazole Analogs on the Basis of Nitrylimine Molecular Systems and 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-Nitroprop-1-Ene. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238409. [PMID: 36500503 PMCID: PMC9739753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies on the reaction between (E)-3,3,3-trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene and N-(4-bromophenyl)-C-arylnitrylimine were performed. It was found that the title process unexpectedly led to 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-nitropyrazole instead of the expected Δ2-pyrazoline molecular system. This was the result of a unique CHCl3 elimination process. The observed mechanism of transformation was explained in the framework of the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). The theoretical results showed that both of the possible channels of [3 + 2] cycloaddition were favorable from a kinetic point of view, due to which the creation of 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-aryl-4-tricholomethyl-5-nitro-Δ2-pyrazoline was more probable. On the other hand, according to the experimental data, the presented reactions occurred with full regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Łapczuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
| | - Mikołaj Sadowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jowita Kras
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Oleg M. Demchuk
- Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynow 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory—SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology—VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616-69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
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Zawadzińska K, Gadocha Z, Pabian K, Wróblewska A, Wielgus E, Jasiński R. The First Examples of [3+2] Cycloadditions with the Participation of ( E)-3,3,3-Tribromo-1-Nitroprop-1-Ene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217584. [PMID: 36363174 PMCID: PMC9657535 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between 3,3,3-tribromo-1-nitroprop-1-ene (TBMN) were explored on the basis of experimental and theoretical approaches. It was found that reactions involving TBMN and diarylnitrones realized with full regio- and stereoselectivity lead to respective 3,4-cis-4,5-trans-4-nitroisoxazolidines. The regioselecticity and the molecular mechanism of title processes was analyzed on the basis of the advanced DFT computational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Gadocha
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamila Pabian
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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On the Mechanism of the Synthesis of Nitrofunctionalised Δ2-Pyrazolines via [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions between α-EWG-Activated Nitroethenes and Nitrylimine TAC Systems. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the reactivity of different substituted nitrylimine-type three atom components (TACs) in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CAs) reactions with electrophilically activated nitroethenes within molecular electron density theory (MEDT). In parallel research, the molecular mechanism of the considered transformation was examined through analysis of all possible reaction channels and full optimization of all critical structures. In particular, the existence of zwitterionic intermediates on reaction paths was verified. On the basis of the bonding evolution theory (BET), the mechanism of the 32CA reaction between C,N-diphenylnitrylimine and (E)-2-phenyl-1-cyano-1-nitroethene should be treated as a one-step two-stage mechanism.
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12
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Zhang Y, Long Z, Yan L, Liu L, Yang L, Le Y. Discovery of 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives as potent antibacterial agents derived from the studies of [3 + 2] cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25633-25638. [PMID: 36199305 PMCID: PMC9455768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysubstituted phenylisoxazoles were designed and synthesized to discover new antibacterial agents via [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Thirty-five compounds with a phenylisoxazole scaffold were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray techniques. After being evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo), Pseudomonas syringae (Psa), and Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xac), 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found to better antibacterial activities. Further studies have shown that the EC50 values of these compounds were much better than that of the positive control, bismerthiazol. Thirty-five compounds with phenylisoxazole scaffold were synthesized via [3+2] cycloaddition. After being evaluated against Xoo, Psa and Xac, 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found well antibacterial activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiwu Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Longjia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
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