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Niyangoda D, Muayad M, Tesfaye W, Bushell M, Ahmad D, Samarawickrema I, Sinclair J, Kebriti S, Maida V, Thomas J. Cannabinoids in Integumentary Wound Care: A Systematic Review of Emerging Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1081. [PMID: 39204426 PMCID: PMC11359183 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical data on the antibacterial and wound healing properties of cannabinoids in integument wounds. Comprehensive searches were conducted across multiple databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS, encompassing records up to May 22, 2024. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven were animal studies, predominantly utilizing murine models (n = 10) and one equine model, involving 437 animals. The seven human studies ranged from case reports to randomized controlled trials, encompassing 92 participants aged six months to ninety years, with sample sizes varying from 1 to 69 patients. The studies examined the effects of various cannabinoid formulations, including combinations with other plant extracts, crude extracts, and purified and synthetic cannabis-based medications administered topically, intraperitoneally, orally, or sublingually. Four animal and three human studies reported complete wound closure. Hemp fruit oil extract, cannabidiol (CBD), and GP1a resulted in complete wound closure in twenty-three (range: 5-84) days with a healing rate of 66-86% within ten days in animal studies. One human study documented a wound healing rate of 3.3 cm2 over 30 days, while three studies on chronic, non-healing wounds reported an average healing time of 54 (21-150) days for 17 patients by oral oils with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD and topical gels with THC, CBD, and terpenes. CBD and tetrahydrocannabidiol demonstrated significant potential in reducing bacterial loads in murine models. However, further high-quality research is imperative to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of bacterial skin infections and wounds. Additionally, it is crucial to delineate the impact of medicinal cannabis on the various phases of wound healing. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021255413).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakshila Niyangoda
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (D.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammed Muayad
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (D.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Wubshet Tesfaye
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Mary Bushell
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (D.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Danish Ahmad
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | | | - Justin Sinclair
- Australian Natural Therapeutics Group, Byron Bay, NSW 2481, Australia;
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Shida Kebriti
- Eczanes Pharmaceuticals, Rydalmere, NSW 2116, Australia;
| | - Vincent Maida
- Temerity Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Hospice Vaughan, Woodbridge, ON L4H 3G7, Canada
| | - Jackson Thomas
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (D.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
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Raeber J, Bajor B, Poetzsch M, Steuer C. Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39103248 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis sativa L. is renowned for its medicinal and recreational uses. With the increasing global legalization of C. sativa L.-based products for medicinal purposes, there is a growing need for well-characterized products. While the stability of cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is well understood, information on the chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes remains scarce. This is despite the fact that terpenes are also thought to have pharmacological activity and may contribute to the overall effect of C. sativa L. METHODS To address these challenges, four analytical methods based on chiral, polar, and apolar gas chromatographic separation combined with either MS or FID detection were developed and validated. These methods successfully separated and quantified a total of 29 terpenes, including 13 enantiomers and 5 diastereomers specific to C. sativa L. Furthermore, terpenes and authentic C. sativa L. flowers and extracts were subjected to UV and heat treatments to observe potential degradation reactions over time. RESULTS Each terpene generates a unique pattern of degradation products resulting in a diverse array of oxidation and cyclization products. P-cymene was identified as a major product of terpene aging. Notably, no enantiomeric conversion was detected, suggesting that the formation of (-)-α-pinene in cannabis extracts, for example, originates from other terpenes. CONCLUSION Terpenes have different degradation rates, even though they are structurally similar. In addition, cultivar- and growth-condition-specific enantiomeric ratios were observed in C. sativa L., confirming that enantiomer production is species-specific and has to be considered for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Raeber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Bajor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Steuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jackson J, Shademani A, Dosanjh M, Dietrich C, Pryjma M, Lambert DM, Thompson CJ. Combinations of Cannabinoids with Silver Salts or Silver Nanoparticles for Synergistic Antibiotic Effects against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:473. [PMID: 38927140 PMCID: PMC11200472 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver has been shown to improve the antibiotic effects of other drugs against both Gram- positive and -negative bacteria. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabigerol (CBG) and their acidic counterparts (CBDA, CBCA, CBGA) against Gram-positive bacteria and further explored the additive or synergistic effects of silver nitrate or silver nanoparticles using 96-well plate growth assays and viability (CFUs- colony-forming units). All six cannabinoids had strong antibiotic effects against MRSA with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 mg/L for CBG, CBD and CBCA; 4 mg/L for CBGA; and 8 mg/L for CBC and CBDA. Using 96-well checkerboard assays, CBC, CBG and CBGA showed full or partial synergy with silver nitrate; CBC, CBDA and CBGA were fully synergistic with silver nanoparticles against MRSA. Using CFU assays, combinations of CBC, CBGA and CBG with either silver nitrate or silver nanoparticles, all at half or quarter MICs, demonstrated strong, time-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth (silver nitrate) and bactericidal effects (silver nanoparticles). These data will lead to further investigation into possible biomedical applications of specific cannabinoids in combination with silver salts or nanoparticles against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jackson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ali Shademani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada (C.J.T.)
| | - Claudia Dietrich
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Pryjma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada (C.J.T.)
| | - Dana M. Lambert
- Andira Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1600-925 W Georgia Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L2, Canada
| | - Charles J. Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada (C.J.T.)
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Casillo A, D’Angelo C, Imbimbo P, Monti DM, Parrilli E, Lanzetta R, Gomez d’Ayala G, Mallardo S, Corsaro MM, Duraccio D. Aqueous Extracts from Hemp Seeds as a New Weapon against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16026. [PMID: 38003214 PMCID: PMC10671263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antibiofilm activity of water-soluble extracts obtained under different pH conditions from Cannabis sativa seeds and from previously defatted seeds. The chemical composition of the extracts, determined through GC-MS and NMR, revealed complex mixtures of fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids and glycerol in ratios depending on extraction pH. In particular, the extract obtained at pH 7 from defatted seeds (Ex7d) contained a larger variety of sugars compared to the others. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found in all of the analysed extracts, but linoleic acid (C18:2) was detected only in the extracts obtained at pH 7 and pH 10. The extracts did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and significantly inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. The exception was the extract obtained at pH 10, which appeared to be less active. Ex7d showed the highest antibiofilm activity, i.e., around 90%. Ex7d was further fractionated by HPLC, and the antibiofilm activity of all fractions was evaluated. The 2D-NMR analysis highlighted that the most active fraction was largely composed of glycerolipids. This evidence suggested that these molecules are probably responsible for the observed antibiofilm effect but does not exclude a possible synergistic contribution by the other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Caterina D’Angelo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Ermenegilda Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Giovanna Gomez d’Ayala
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Mallardo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (C.D.); (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (E.P.); (R.L.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)-CNR, Strada Delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
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Mehra K, Rup J, Wiese JL, Watson TM, Bonato S, Rueda S. Changes in self-reported cannabis use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2139. [PMID: 37915021 PMCID: PMC10621278 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting mental health and substance use (MHSU) issues worldwide. The purpose of this study was to characterize the literature on changes in cannabis use during the pandemic and the factors associated with such changes. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching peer-reviewed databases and grey literature from January 2020 to May 2022 using the Arksey and O'Malley Framework. Two independent reviewers screened a total of 4235 documents. We extracted data from 129 documents onto a data extraction form and collated results using content analytical techniques. RESULTS Nearly half (48%) of the studies reported an increase/initiation of cannabis use, while 36% studies reported no change, and 16% reported a decrease/cessation of cannabis use during the pandemic. Factors associated with increased cannabis use included socio-demographic factors (e.g., younger age), health related factors (e.g., increased symptom burden), MHSU factors (e.g., anxiety, depression), pandemic-specific reactions (e.g., stress, boredom, social isolation), cannabis-related factors (e.g., dependence), and policy-related factors (e.g., legalization of medical/recreational cannabis). CONCLUSION Public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic have the potential to significantly impact cannabis use. The pandemic has placed urgency on improving coping mechanisms and supports that help populations adapt to major and sudden life changes. To better prepare health care systems for future pandemics, wide-reaching education on how pandemic-related change impacts cannabis use is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Mehra
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Rup
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jessica L Wiese
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tara Marie Watson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Sarah Bonato
- Library Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Sergio Rueda
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
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Ipinmoroti AO, Turner J, Bellenger EJ, Crenshaw BJ, Xu J, Reeves C, Ajayi O, Li T, Matthews QL. Characterization of cannabis strain-plant-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1603-1606. [PMID: 37330445 PMCID: PMC10590282 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The scientific interest in cannabis plants' beneficial properties has recently sparked certain interest in the possible functional characterization of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs). Establishing the most appropriate and efficient isolation procedure for PDEVs remains a challenge due to vast differences in the physio-structural characteristics of different plants within the same genera and species. In this study, we employed a crude but standard isolation procedure for the extraction of apoplastic wash fluid (AWF) which is known to contain the PDEVs. This method includes a detailed stepwise process of PDEV extraction from five (5) cultivars of cannabis plants, namely: Citrus (C), Henola (HA), Bialobrezenski (BZ), Southern-Sunset (SS), and Cat-Daddy (CAD). Approximately, 150 leaves were collected from each plant strain. In order to collect PDEV pellets, apoplastic wash fluid (AWF) was extracted from plants via negative pressure permeabilization and infiltration followed by high-speed differential ultracentrifugation. Particle tracking analysis of PDEVs revealed particle size distribution in the range of 20 to 200 nm from all plant strains, while PDEV total protein concentration from HA was higher than that of SS. Although HA-PDEVs' total protein was higher than SS-PDEVs, SS-PDEVs' RNA yield was higher than that of HA-PDEVs. Our result suggests that the cannabis plant strains contain EVs, and PDEV concentration from the cannabis plant could be age or strain dependent. Overall, the results provide a guide for the selection and optimization of PDEV isolation methods for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O Ipinmoroti
- Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Ja'kayla Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Bellenger
- Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Brennetta J Crenshaw
- Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Junhuan Xu
- Industrial Hemp & Specialty Crops Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Caitlin Reeves
- Industrial Hemp & Specialty Crops Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Olufemi Ajayi
- Industrial Hemp & Specialty Crops Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
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Antwi I, Watkins D, Pedawi A, Ghrayeb A, Van de Vuurst C, Cory TJ. Substances of abuse and their effect on SAR-CoV-2 pathogenesis. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:301-316. [PMID: 38013836 PMCID: PMC10474379 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, various reports suggest that there has been a significant increase in substance abuse due to social distancing and related issues. Several reports have suggested the impact of chronic substance use on individuals' physiological and psychological health. Therefore, there is a need to know the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on persons with substance use disorders. Individuals with substance use disorders are the most vulnerable groups and are at a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their already existing health issues associated with substance use. This review discusses some of the molecular and systemic/organic effects chronic substance use such as alcohol, nicotine, marijuana (cannabis), opioids, methamphetamine, and cocaine have on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and its potential cause for worsened disease outcomes in persons with substance use disorder. This will provide healthcare providers, public health policies, and researchers with the needed knowledge to address some of the many challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic to facilitate treatment strategies for persons with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Antwi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Destiny Watkins
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alahn Pedawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Atheel Ghrayeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christine Van de Vuurst
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore J. Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Tamburello M, Salamone S, Anceschi L, Governa P, Brighenti V, Morellini A, Rossini G, Manetti F, Gallinella G, Pollastro F, Pellati F. Antiviral Activity of Cannabidiolic Acid and Its Methyl Ester against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1698-1707. [PMID: 37402317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the antiviral activity of cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. was assessed in vitro against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants, indicating cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was the most active. To overcome the instability issue of CBDA, its methyl ester was synthesized and tested for the first time for its antiviral activity. CBDA methyl ester showed a neutralizing effect on all the SARS-CoV-2 variants tested with greater activity than the parent compound. Its stability in vitro was confirmed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In addition, the capacity of both CBDA and its derivative to interact with the virus spike protein was assessed in silico. These results showed that CBDA methyl ester can be considered as a lead compound to be further developed as a new effective drug against COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tamburello
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem srls, Via A. Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alice Morellini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Rossini
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem srls, Via A. Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Immunity: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043125. [PMID: 36834537 PMCID: PMC9964491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid derived from cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., fam. Cannabaceae). CBD has received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome. However, CBD also has prominent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects; evidence exists that it could be beneficial in chronic inflammation, and even in acute inflammatory conditions, such as those due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this work, we review available evidence concerning CBD's effects on the modulation of innate immunity. Despite the lack so far of clinical studies, extensive preclinical evidence in different models, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and even ex vivo experiments on cells from human healthy subjects, shows that CBD exerts a wide range of inhibitory effects by decreasing cytokine production and tissue infiltration, and acting on a variety of other inflammation-related functions in several innate immune cells. Clinical studies are now warranted to establish the therapeutic role of CBD in diseases with a strong inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Hong H, Sloan L, Saxena D, Scott DA. The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1959. [PMID: 36009504 PMCID: PMC9406052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is of interest as a much-needed target for the treatment or prevention of several neurogenerative diseases. However, CB2 agonists, particularly phytocannabinoids, have been ascribed antimicrobial properties and are associated with the induction of microbiome compositional fluxes. When developing novel CB2 therapeutics, CB2 engagement and antimicrobial functions should both be considered. This review summarizes those cannabinoids and cannabis-informed molecules and preparations (CIMPs) that show promise as microbicidal agents, with a particular focus on the most recent developments. CIMP-microbe interactions and anti-microbial mechanisms are discussed, while the major knowledge gaps and barriers to translation are presented. Further research into CIMPs may proffer novel direct or adjunctive strategies to augment the currently available antimicrobial armory. The clinical promise of CIMPs as antimicrobials, however, remains unrealized. Nevertheless, the microbicidal effects ascribed to several CB2 receptor-agonists should be considered when designing therapeutic approaches for neurocognitive and other disorders, particularly in cases where such regimens are to be long-term. To this end, the potential development of CB2 agonists lacking antimicrobial properties is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeeJue Hong
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lucy Sloan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Janecki M, Graczyk M, Lewandowska AA, Pawlak Ł. Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Effects of Cannabinoids in Inhibiting and Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084170. [PMID: 35456990 PMCID: PMC9025270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus made it necessary to search for new options for both causal treatment and mitigation of its symptoms. Scientists and researchers around the world are constantly looking for the best therapeutic options. These difficult circumstances have also spurred the re-examination of the potential of natural substances contained in Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinoids, apart from CB1 and CB2 receptors, may act multifacetedly through a number of other receptors, such as the GPR55, TRPV1, PPARs, 5-HT1A, adenosine and glycine receptors. The complex anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of cannabinoids have been confirmed by interactions with various signaling pathways. Considering the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes excessive immune response and triggers an inflammatory cascade, and that cannabinoids have the ability to regulate these processes, it can be assumed that they have potential to be used in the treatment of COVID-19. During the pandemic, there were many publications on the subject of COVID-19, which indicate the potential impact of cannabinoids not only on the course of the disease, but also their role in prevention. It is worth noting that the anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential are shown not only by well-known cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), but also secondary cannabinoids, such as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and terpenes, emphasizing the role of all of the plant’s compounds and the entourage effect. This article presents a narrative review of the current knowledge in this area available in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science medical databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Janecki
- Department of Palliative Care and Palliative Medicine, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Michał Graczyk
- Department of Palliative Care, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Agata Anna Lewandowska
- 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Łukasz Pawlak
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Anti-Microbial Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in the Light of Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030631. [PMID: 35327432 PMCID: PMC8945038 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of various infectious diseases, especially those associated with biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic materials. There is an urgent need for new treatment protocols that can also target biofilm-embedded bacteria. Many secondary metabolites of plants possess anti-bacterial activities, and especially the phytocannabinoids of the Cannabis sativa L. varieties have reached a renaissance and attracted much attention for their anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities at concentrations below the cytotoxic threshold on normal mammalian cells. Accordingly, many synthetic cannabinoids have been designed with the intention to increase the specificity and selectivity of the compounds. The structurally unrelated endocannabinoids have also been found to have anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities. Recent data suggest for a mutual communication between the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiota. The present review focuses on the anti-microbial activities of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids integrated with some selected issues of their many physiological and pharmacological activities.
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