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Fernandes AS, Caetano PA, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ, de Rosso VV. Alternative green solvents associated with ultrasound-assisted extraction: A green chemistry approach for the extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls from microalgae. Food Chem 2024; 455:139939. [PMID: 38870585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study proposes a method for the ultrasonic extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll from Scenedesmus obliquus and Arthrospira platensis microalgae with green solvents. Ethanol and ethanolic solutions of ionic liquids were tested with a variety of extraction parameters, including number of extractions, time of extraction, and solid-liquid ratio R(S/L), to determine the optimal conditions. After selecting the most effective green solvent (ethanol), the process conditions were established: R(S/L) of 1:10, three extraction cycles at 3 min each), giving an extraction yield of 2602.36 and 764.21 μgcarotenoids.gdried biomass-1; and 22.01 and 5.81 mgchlorophyll.gdried biomass-1 in S. obliquus and A. platensis, respectively. The carotenoid and chlorophyll extracts obtained using ethanol were shown to be potent scavengers of peroxyl radical, being 5.94 to 26.08 times more potent α-tocopherol. These findings pave the way for a green strategy for valorizing microalgal biocompounds through efficient and environmentally friendly technological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa S Fernandes
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Caetano
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Leila Queiroz Zepka
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vera de Rosso
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos 11015-020, Brazil.
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Lykov A, Salmin A, Gevorgiz R, Zheleznova S, Rachkovskaya L, Surovtseva M, Poveshchenko O. Study of the Antimicrobial Potential of the Arthrospira platensis, Planktothrix agardhii, Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi, Roholtiella mixta nov., Tetraselmis viridis, and Nanofrustulum shiloi against Gram-Positive, Gram-Negative Bacteria, and Mycobacteria. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:492. [PMID: 37755105 PMCID: PMC10532822 DOI: 10.3390/md21090492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diseases brought on by resistant strains of micro-organisms, including tuberculosis, is rising globally as a result of the rapid rise in pathogenic micro-organism resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Secondary metabolites with potential for antibacterial activity are produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae. In this study, gram-positive (S. aureus, E. faecalis) and gram-negative (K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa) bacteria were isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving long-term antituberculosis therapy. The antimicrobial potential of extracts from the cyanobacteria Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi, Planktothrix agardhii, Arthrospira platensis, Rohotiella mixta sp. nov., Nanofrustulum shiloi, and Tetraselmis (Platymonas) viridis Rouchijajnen was evaluated. On mouse splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages, extracts of cyanobacteria and microalgae had inhibitory effects. In vitro studies have shown that cyanobacteria and microalgae extracts suppress the growth of bacteria and mycobacteria. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that cyanobacterial and microalgal extracts can encourage bacterial growth in a test tube. Additionally, the enhanced fucoxanthin fraction significantly reduced the development of bacteria in vitro. In a mouse experiment to simulate tuberculosis, the mycobacterial load in internal organs was considerably decreased by fucoxanthin. According to the information gathered, cyanobacteria and microalgae are potential sources of antibacterial compounds that can be used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lykov
- Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute MH RF, Okhotskaya 81 A, Novosibirsk 630040, Russia;
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Filial of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Timakova 2, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia; (L.R.); (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Alexei Salmin
- Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute MH RF, Okhotskaya 81 A, Novosibirsk 630040, Russia;
| | - Ruslan Gevorgiz
- Kovalevsky Research Institute of Biology of Southern Seas RAS, Nakhimova 2, Sevastopol 299011, Russia; (R.G.); (S.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Zheleznova
- Kovalevsky Research Institute of Biology of Southern Seas RAS, Nakhimova 2, Sevastopol 299011, Russia; (R.G.); (S.Z.)
| | - Lyubov Rachkovskaya
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Filial of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Timakova 2, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia; (L.R.); (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Maria Surovtseva
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Filial of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Timakova 2, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia; (L.R.); (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Olga Poveshchenko
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Filial of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Timakova 2, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia; (L.R.); (M.S.); (O.P.)
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He Z, Nam S, Liu S, Zhao Q. Characterization of the Nonpolar and Polar Extractable Components of Glanded Cottonseed for Its Valorization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104181. [PMID: 37241921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed is the second major product of cotton (Gossypium spp.) crops after fiber. Thus, the characterization and valorization of cottonseed are important parts of cotton utilization research. In this work, the nonpolar and polar fractions of glanded (Gd) cottonseed were sequentially extracted by 100% hexane and 80% ethanol aqueous solutions and subjected to 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. The nonpolar (crude oil) extracts showed the characteristic NMR peak features of edible plant oils with the absence of ω-3 linolenic acid. Quantitative analysis revealed the percentage of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids as 48.7%, 16.9%, and 34.4%, respectively. Both general unsaturated fatty acid features and some specific olefinic compounds (e.g., oleic, linolenic, and gondonic acids) were found in the nonpolar fraction. In the polar extracts, FT-ICR MS detected 1673 formulas, with approximately 1/3 being potential phenolic compounds. Both the total and phenolic formulas fell mainly in the categories of lipid, peptide-like, carbohydrate, and lignin. A literature search and comparison further identifies some of these formulas as potential bioactive compounds. For example, one compound [2,5-dihydroxy-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene) benzohydrazide] identified in the polar extracts is likely responsible for the anticancer function observed when used on human breast cancer cell lines. The chemical profile of the polar extracts provides a formulary for the exploration of bioactive component candidates derived from cottonseed for nutritive, health, and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Sunghyun Nam
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Shasha Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Coordinated Instrument Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Molecular level characterization of the effect of roasting on the extractable components of glandless cottonseed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 403:134404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Advantageous Combinations of Nanoencapsulated Oregano Oil with Selected Antibiotics for Skin Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122773. [PMID: 36559267 PMCID: PMC9780814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of combinations between encapsulated oregano oil and the most commonly applied antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or gentamicin) against skin infections. In particular, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles loaded with oregano oil and the selected antibiotics were included in methylcellulose hydrogels. Consistency, spreadability, pH of the hydrogel and in vitro release rate of the oil were considered appropriate for topical application. The combination of encapsulated oil and gentamicin in the hydrogel resulted in a synergistic effect against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus strains. It was expressed in a fourfold reduction in the effective concentration of gentamicin and 98% inhibition of the bacterial metabolic activity. When ciprofloxacin was included in the combination instead of gentamicin, an additive effect with a two-fold decrease in the effective drug concentration and a 96% reduction in the bacterial metabolic activity were observed. Both combinations significantly inhibited the formation of MRSA biofilm by more than 90% when applied. In vivo application of the hydrogel containing the synergistic combination between the encapsulated oil and gentamicin did not induce irritation of the rabbit skin.
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Yeshi K, Ruscher R, Miles K, Crayn D, Liddell M, Wangchuk P. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Endemic Plants of the Australian Wet Tropics. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192519. [PMID: 36235388 PMCID: PMC9571949 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been a vital source of natural antioxidants since ancient times. Plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions often produce more defensive secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids during adaptation to the environment. Many of these secondary metabolites are known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study tested seven plants sourced from the mountaintop areas (above 1000 m elevation) of Mount Lewis National Park (falls under the Wet Tropics of Queensland), Australia, for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Of the seven studied plants, hydroethanolic extracts of six plants (Leptospermum wooroonooran, Ceratopetalum hylandii, Linospadix apetiolatus, Garcinia brassii, Litsea granitica, and Polyscias willmottii) showed high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent (25–1000 μg/mL) manner. At the highest concentration of 1 mg/mL, the DPPH free radical scavenged percentage varied between 75.4% and 92.3%. Only the species Alyxia orophila was inactive in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Pseudo-IC50 values of the extracts’ ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) based on dose-response curves showed a significant positive correlation with total phenolic content. Five out of the seven plants, namely G. brassii, C. hylandii, L. apetiolatus, L. wooroonooran, and A. orophila, showed inhibitory effects on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukins (IL)-23 in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) assay. The results of this study demonstrate the value of tropical mountaintop plants in the biodiscovery of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4 and E5, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Roland Ruscher
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4 and E5, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Kim Miles
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4 and E5, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Darren Crayn
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Building E2, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Michael Liddell
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, Building E1, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4 and E5, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
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Shevelyuhina A, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Ivanova S, Kashirskih E, Smirnov V, Michaud P, Chupakhin E. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Microalgae of the Filinskaya Bay (Baltic Sea). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172264. [PMID: 36079646 PMCID: PMC9460415 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, enzymes, and other biologically active substances. This research aimed to study the composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates of microalgae found in the Filinskaya Bay of the Kaliningrad region. The chemical composition of Scenedesmus intermedius and Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae biomass was studied. Ultrasound was used to isolate valuable components of microalgae. It was found that microalgae are rich in protein and contain lipids and reducing sugars. To confirm the accuracy of the determination, the protein content was measured using two methods (Kjeldahl and Bradford). Protein content in S. intermedius and S. obliquus microalgae samples did not differ significantly when measured using different methods. Protein extraction by the Kjeldahl method was found to be 63.27% for S. intermedius microalgae samples and 60.11% for S. obliquus microalgae samples. Protein content in S. intermedius samples was 63.46%, compared to 60.07% in S. obliquus samples, as determined by the Bradford method. Lipids were 8.0–8.2 times less abundant than protein in both types of microalgae samples. It was determined that the content of reducing sugars in the samples of the studied microalgae was 5.9 times less than the protein content. The presence of biological activity (antioxidant) in proteins and lipids obtained from biomass samples of the studied microscopic algae was established, which opens up some possibilities for their application in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (as enzymes, hormones, vitamins, growth substances, antibiotics, and other biologically active compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Shevelyuhina
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Stanislav Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street 6, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
- Department of General Mathematics and Informatics, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street 6, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (P.M.); Tel.: +7-384-239-6832 (S.I.); +33-473407425 (P.M.)
| | - Egor Kashirskih
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
- Rusextract, Tereshkovoy Street 51, Kemerovo 650070, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Smirnov
- Sodrugestvo Group, Gagarina Street 65, Svetly, Kaliningrad 238340, Russia
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (P.M.); Tel.: +7-384-239-6832 (S.I.); +33-473407425 (P.M.)
| | - Evgeny Chupakhin
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
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Flavonoids from Lycium barbarum Leaves Exhibit Anti-Aging Effects through the Redox-Modulation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154952. [PMID: 35956901 PMCID: PMC9370597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum leaves are a kind of vegetable, and modern nutrition studies have found that they have an anti-aging function. Our study aims to investigate the anti-aging effects of Lycium barbarum leaf flavonoid (LBLF) extracts and its underlying molecular mechanism. LBLFs were purified using D101 and polyamide resin, characterized by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and administered to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Caenorhabditis elegans. Appropriate enrichment conditions were optimized through dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments, the content of flavonoids reached 909.84 mg/g, rutin and kaempferol being the main ones. LBLFs attenuated H2O2-induced HUVEC apoptosis, decreased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production levels, increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Furthermore, pre-treatment with LBLF increased mRNA expression of erythropoietin (EPO) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in HUVECs. Compared with 100 µM rutin monomer, LBLF prolonged the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, enhanced their mobility in middle life stages and upregulated expression of sod-2, gcs-1 and skn-1 genes, which indicated that the anti-aging effects of LBLF were due to its redox-modulation.
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Mahendran G, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Current Status and Perspective on the Use of Viral-Based Vectors in Eukaryotic Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070434. [PMID: 35877728 PMCID: PMC9318342 DOI: 10.3390/md20070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, microalgae have attracted increasing interest, both commercially and scientifically. Commercial potential involves utilizing valuable natural compounds, including carotenoids, polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are widely applicable in food, biofuel, and pharmaceutical industries. Conversely, scientific potential focuses on bioreactors for producing recombinant proteins and developing viable technologies to significantly increase the yield and harvest periods. Here, viral-based vectors and transient expression strategies have significantly contributed to improving plant biotechnology. We present an updated outlook covering microalgal biotechnology for pharmaceutical application, transformation techniques for generating recombinant proteins, and genetic engineering tactics for viral-based vector construction. Challenges in industrial application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ganesan Mahendran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8358
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Akermi S, Smaoui S, Elhadef K, Fourati M, Louhichi N, Chaari M, Chakchouk Mtibaa A, Baanannou A, Masmoudi S, Mellouli L. Cupressus sempervirens Essential Oil: Exploring the Antibacterial Multitarget Mechanisms, Chemcomputational Toxicity Prediction, and Safety Assessment in Zebrafish Embryos. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092630. [PMID: 35565980 PMCID: PMC9103706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, increasing interest has recently been given to the exploration of new food preservatives to avoid foodborne outbreaks or food spoilage. Likewise, new compounds that substitute the commonly used synthetic food preservatives are required to restrain the rising problem of microbial resistance. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to examine the chemical composition and the mechanism(s) of action of the Cupressus sempervirens essential oil (CSEO) against Salmonella enterica Typhimuriumand Staphyloccocus aureus. The gas chromatography analysis revealed α-pinene (38.47%) and δ-3-carene (25.14%) are the major components of the CSEO. By using computational methods, such as quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR), we revealed that many CSEO components had no toxic effects. Moreover, findings indicated that α-pinene, δ-3-carene and borneol, a minor compound of CSEO, could inhibit the AcrB-TolC and MepR efflux pump activity of S. enterica Typhimurium and S. aureus, respectively. In addition, our molecular docking predictions indicated the high affinity of these three compounds with active sites of bacterial DNA and RNA polymerases, pointing to plausible impairments of the pathogenic bacteria cell replication processes. As well, the safety profile was developed through the zebrafish model. The in vivo toxicological evaluation of (CSEO) exhibited a concentration-dependent manner, with a lethal concentration (LC50) equal to 6.6 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Akermi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-53759478
| | - Khaoula Elhadef
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariam Fourati
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Nacim Louhichi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Moufida Chaari
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Ahlem Chakchouk Mtibaa
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Aissette Baanannou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Lotfi Mellouli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (S.A.); (K.E.); (M.F.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (L.M.)
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