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do Carmo Mazzinghy AC, Silva VDM, Ramos ALCC, de Oliveira CP, de Oliveira GB, Augusti R, de Araújo RLB, Melo JOF. Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates. Foods 2024; 13:1031. [PMID: 38611338 PMCID: PMC11011494 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina do Carmo Mazzinghy
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Carla Patrícia de Oliveira
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Gabriel Barbosa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
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Kataoka H. Solid-Phase Microextraction and Related Techniques in Bioanalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062467. [PMID: 36985438 PMCID: PMC10057173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms, such as microorganisms, plants and animals, are composed of complex constituents, which may include bioactive components that maintain their functions [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
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Santarelli V, Neri L, Carbone K, Macchioni V, Faieta M, Pittia P. Conventional and innovative extraction technologies to produce food-grade hop extracts: Influence on bitter acids content and volatile organic compounds profile. J Food Sci 2023; 88:1308-1324. [PMID: 36789873 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hop extracts represent a natural alternative to synthetic food additives because of their high content of bitter acids and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with bittering, flavoring, and antimicrobial properties. However, broader uses of hop extracts as natural techno-functional ingredients rely on the identification of sustainable and affordable extraction technologies allowing to diversify the processes and produce extracts characterized by different compositions and, consequently, qualitative properties. Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of innovative and conventional extraction methods on the bitter acids content and VOCs pattern of food-grade ethanolic hop extracts for food applications. Innovative extractions were carried out by using two ultrasound systems (a laboratory bath [US] and a high-power ultrasound bath [HPUS]), and a high-pressure industrial process (high hydrostatic pressure [HHP]). Conventional extractions (CONV) were performed under dynamic maceration at 25 and 60°C; for ultrasound and conventional methods, the effect of the extraction time was also investigated. Among the extracts, the highest and lowest content of bitter acids was found in CONV 60°C extracts, and HHP and CONV 25°C extracts, respectively. Of the 34 VOCs identified in dry hops, ∼24 compounds were found in US, HPUS and CONV extracts, while only 18 were found in HHP. CONV extractions showed higher selectivity for sesquiterpenes, while US and HPUS showed higher selectivity for esters and monoterpenes. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) allowed classifying hop extracts based on the extraction methods and also allowed highlighting the technological conditions to produce hop extracts with specific techno-functional and flavoring properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study showed that different extraction methods can lead to hop products with varying sensory and functional properties. By selecting the right extraction method, companies can produce hop extracts with specific compositions that meet their needs for clean label and sustainable food products, as well as new edible packaging or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Santarelli
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lilia Neri
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Katya Carbone
- CREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Faieta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Pittia
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Chemical Approach to the Optimization of Conditions Using HS-SPME/GC–MS for Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Eugenia brasiliensis Fruit. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154955. [PMID: 35956905 PMCID: PMC9370820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) is a native fruit of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which designatesthe most significant number of species with food potential. It stands out due to its phytochemical characteristics because of the presence of polyphenols and volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds are substances released by foods that give off an aroma and influence flavor. Solid-phase microextraction is a technique that allows for low-cost, fast, and solvent-free extraction, has an affinity for numerous analytes, and is easily coupled to gas chromatography. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficiency of different fibers of SPME (solid-phase microextraction) in the extraction of volatile organic compounds from grumixama pulp; optimize a method for extraction time, temperature, and sample weight; and to determine the characteristic volatile profile of this fruit. For the extraction of volatile compounds, three fibers of different polarities were used: polar polyacrylate (PA) fibers, divinylbenzene/carboxyne/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) semipolar fibers, and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB). Fourteen volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by DVB/CAR/PDMS, six by PA, and seven by PDMS/DVB through solid-phase microextraction in the headspace mode (SPME-HS). Considering the total number of compounds identified, regardless of the fiber used, and the optimization of the method, Eugenia brasiliensis presented sesquiterpene fractions (85.7%, 83.3%, and 85.7% of total VOCs) higher than the monoterpene fractions (14.3%, 16.7%, and 14.3%) for DVB/CAR/PDMS, PA, and PDMS/DVB, respectively in its composition. In addition, it was possible to verify that the fiber DVB/CAR/PDMS presented a better efficiency due to the larger chromatographic area observed when the grumixama pulp was subjected to conditions of 75 °C, 2.0 g, and an adsorption time of 20 min.
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Steglińska A, Pielech-Przybylska K, Janas R, Grzesik M, Borowski S, Kręgiel D, Gutarowska B. Volatile Organic Compounds and Physiological Parameters as Markers of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Infection with Phytopathogens. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123708. [PMID: 35744835 PMCID: PMC9230024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected potatoes, including sesquiterpenes, dimethyl disulfide, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, benzothiazole, 3-octanol, and 2-butanol, which may have been associated with the activity of Fusarium sambucinum, Alternaria tenuissima and Pectobacterium carotovorum. In turn, acetic acid was detected in all infected samples. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators were discussed in terms of potato physiology. The established physiological markers proved to demonstrate a negative effect of phytopathogens infecting seed potatoes not only on the kinetics of stem and root growth and the development of the entire root system, but also on gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves, and yield. The negative effect of phytopathogens on plant growth was dependent on the time of planting after infection. The research also showed different usefulness of VOCs and physiological markers as the indicators of the toxic effect of inoculated phytopathogens at different stages of plant development and their individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steglińska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Regina Janas
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Mieczysław Grzesik
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Sebastian Borowski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
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Figueiredo YG, Corrêa EA, de Oliveira Junior AH, Mazzinghy ACDC, Mendonça HDOP, Lobo YJG, García YM, Gouvêia MADS, de Paula ACCFF, Augusti R, Reina LDCB, da Silveira CH, de Lima LHF, Melo JOF. Profile of Myracrodruon urundeuva Volatile Compounds Ease of Extraction and Biodegradability and In Silico Evaluation of Their Interactions with COX-1 and iNOS. Molecules 2022; 27:1633. [PMID: 35268733 PMCID: PMC8911712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem. (Anacardiaceae) is a tree popularly known as the "aroeira-do-sertão", native to the caatinga and cerrado biomes, with a natural dispersion ranging from the Northeast, Midwest, to Southeast Brazil. Its wood is highly valued and overexploited, due to its characteristics such as durability and resistance to decaying. The diversity of chemical constituents in aroeira seed has shown biological properties against microorganisms and helminths. As such, this work aimed to identify the profile of volatile compounds present in aroeira seeds. Headspace solid phase microextraction was employed (HS-SPME) using semi-polar polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber (PDMS/DVB) for the extraction of VOCs. 22 volatile organic compounds were identified: nine monoterpenes and eight sesquiterpenes, in addition to six compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as fatty acids, terpenoids, salicylates and others. Those that stood out were p-mentha-1,4, 4(8)-diene, 3-carene (found in all samples), caryophyllene and cis-geranylacetone. A virtual docking analysis suggested that around 65% of the VOCs molar content from the aroeiras seeds present moderate a strong ability to bind to cyclooxygenase I (COX-I) active site, oxide nitric synthase (iNOS) active site (iNOSas) or to iNOS cofactor site (iNOScs), corroborating an anti-inflamatory potential. A pharmacophoric descriptor analysis allowed to infer the more determinant characteristics of these compounds' conferring affinity to each site. Taken together, our results illustrate the high applicability for the integrated use of SPME, in silico virtual screening and chemoinformatics tools at the profiling of the biotechnological and pharmaceutical potential of natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Eduardo A. Corrêa
- Campus Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (Y.J.G.L.)
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Unidade EPAMIG ITAC, Pitangui 35650-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Afonso H. de Oliveira Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Ana C. d. C. Mazzinghy
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Henrique d. O. P. Mendonça
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Yan J. G. Lobo
- Campus Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (Y.J.G.L.)
| | - Yesenia M. García
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Marcelo A. d. S. Gouvêia
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Campus Bambuí, Bambuí 38900-000, MG, Brazil; (M.A.d.S.G.); (A.C.C.F.F.d.P.)
| | - Ana C. C. F. F. de Paula
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Campus Bambuí, Bambuí 38900-000, MG, Brazil; (M.A.d.S.G.); (A.C.C.F.F.d.P.)
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Campus Pampulha, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 35702-031, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luisa D. C. B. Reina
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 35702-031, MG, Brazil;
| | - Carlos H. da Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Tecnológicas, Campus Itabira, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itabira 35903-087, MG, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo H. F. de Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
| | - Júlio O. F. Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35700-000, MG, Brazil; (Y.G.F.); (A.H.d.O.J.); (A.C.d.C.M.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (Y.M.G.); (L.H.F.d.L.)
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