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Liu M, Zhang F, Xiao J, Liu B, Cespedes CL, Meng X. The M/G ratio of alginate oligosaccharides: The key to enhance the coloration of strawberries. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121422. [PMID: 37940253 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) have various biological activities in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, little is known about the effect on fruit coloration. We assessed the impacts of varying Mannuronate/Guluronate ratio (M/G ratios) of AOS, namely oligoguluronate (GAOS), oligomannuronate (MAOS), and heterogeneous AOS (HAOS), and delved into the structure-function relationship, as well as the mechanisms of regulation. The promotion of strawberry coloration was observed in HAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 1.58; Mw = 2800 Da) and MAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 6.77; Mw = 6000 Da), whereas GAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 0.2; Mw = 5500 Da) did not exhibit any significant effect. The metabolomics analysis revealed that the impact of AOS was predominantly observed on the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The predominant flavonoids present in strawberries were anthocyanins. The application of HAOS and MAOS on strawberries increased anthocyanin content. This was accompanied by an up-regulation of genes related to the JA synthesis pathway. Additionally, transcription factors and structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and transport were up-regulated. The findings suggest that HAOS and MAOS may trigger the JA pathway, leading to an elevation in anthocyanin metabolism and consequent enhancement of strawberry coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Bingjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Carlos L Cespedes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Research Group in Chemistry and Biotechnology of Bioactive Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bio-Bío, Andrés Bello Avenue, Chillan, Chile
| | - Xianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Gai F, Janiak MA, Sulewska K, Peiretti PG, Karamać M. Phenolic Compound Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Harvested at Different Growth Stages. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041807. [PMID: 36838795 PMCID: PMC9960924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The profile of phenolic compounds changes during the growth of a plant and this change affects its antioxidant potential. The aim of this research has been to find the growth stage of flax with the highest antioxidant capacity, and to determine the phenolic compounds responsible for such a capacity. Flax was harvested in six growth stages: from stem extension to mature seeds. The phenolic compounds were identified using LC-TOF-MS and quantified in an extract and in the fresh matter (FM) of each growth stage. The radical scavenging activity against ABTS•+ and DPPH•, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the antioxidant activity in the β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion system were determined. Mono- and di-C-glycosyl flavones were found to be the most abundant phenolics of the aerial parts of flax, which also showed the highest content of isoorientin (210-538 µg/g FM). Coniferin, its derivative, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were also detected. The plant was richer in flavone C-glycosides from stem extension to seed ripening (1105-1413 µg/g FM) than at the mature seed stage (557 µg/g FM). Most of the individual flavone C-glycoside contents in the extracts decreased when increasingly older plants were considered; however, the isoorientin content did not change significantly from the steam extension to the seed ripening stages. The antiradical activity against ABTS•+ and FRAP was higher for the aerial parts of the flax harvested at the flowering, brown capsule, and seed ripening stages, mainly due to the presence of flavone C-glycosides. The oxidation of β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion was instead inhibited more effectively by the extracts from plants at the brown capsule and mature seed stages. Coniferin and its derivative were significantly involved in this activity. The extracts from the aerial parts of the flax harvested from flowering to seed ripening could be a valuable source of flavone C-glycosides for use as nutraceuticals and components of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michał A. Janiak
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sulewska
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Pier Giorgio Peiretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Ji D, Ou L, Ren X, Yang X, Tan Y, Zhou X, Jin L. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Tea Plant Growth Elicited by Chitosan Oligosaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105469. [PMID: 35628277 PMCID: PMC9141372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) plays an important role in the growth and development of tea plants. However, responses in tea plants trigged by COS have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis to understand the mechanisms of chitosan-induced tea quality improvement and growth promotion. The combined analysis revealed an obvious link between the flourishing development of the tea plant and the presence of COS. It obviously regulated the growth and development of the tea and the metabolomic process. The chlorophyll, soluble sugar, and amino acid content in the tea leaves was increased. The phytohormones, carbohydrates, and amino acid levels were zoomed-in in both transcript and metabolomics analyses compared to the control. The expression of the genes related to phytohormones transduction, carbon fixation, and amino acid metabolism during the growth and development of tea plants were significantly upregulated. Our findings indicated that alerted transcriptomic and metabolic responses occurring with the application of COS could cause efficiency in substrates in pivotal pathways and hence, elicited plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
| | - Lina Ou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xiuju Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanni Tan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.J.); Tel.: +86-851-3620-521 (X.Z. & L.J.)
| | - Linhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.J.); (L.O.); (X.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.J.); Tel.: +86-851-3620-521 (X.Z. & L.J.)
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