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Xu F, Yu J, Wu Y. Optimal conditions for determination of bacitracin, bacitracin zinc and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in animal feed by ultra-performance liquid tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1243:124234. [PMID: 38991259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
An integrated method combining solid-phase extraction (SPE) with ultra-performance liquid tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been established for quantifying bacitracin (BTC), bacitracin zinc (BZ), and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) in animal feed. A pretreatment procedure that can effectively, quickly, and simultaneously extract and purify BTC, BZ, or BMD in feed was developed for the first time through the optimization of extraction and SPE conditions. After extraction with acetonitrile + methanol + 15 % ammonia solution (1:1:1, v:v:v) and dilution with EDTA solution (1.5 mmol/L, pH 7.0), a SPE procedure was carried out with C18 cartridge. Following LC-MS/MS analysis utilized a Waters Peptide BEH C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.1 % formic acid in water/acetonitrile with. This method demonstrated a strong linear correlation (R2 > 0.9980) across a 0.01-1.0 mg/L concentration span, based on a matrix-matched standard curve. Satisfactory recoveries of BTC (bacitracin A, B1, B2, and B3), BZ, and BMD in different feeds were obtained from 80.7 % to 108.4 %, with relative standard deviations below 15.7 %. Low limits of quantification ranging within 7.2-20 μg/kg were achieved for bacitracin A, B1, B2, and B3. This method provided an effective and reliable detection method to prevent the addition of BTC and different BTC formulations in feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jiayong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Yinliang Wu
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China; Ningbo Key Laboratory for Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315040, PR China.
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2
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Park D, Choi YS, Kim JY, Choi JD, Moon GI. Determination of Flunixin and 5-Hydroxy Flunixin Residues in Livestock and Fishery Products Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:873-884. [PMID: 38974729 PMCID: PMC11222691 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Flunixin is a veterinary nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent whose residues have been investigated in their original form within tissues such as muscle and liver. However, flunixin remains in milk as a metabolite, and 5-hydroxy flunixin has been used as the primary marker for its surveillance. This study aimed to develop a quantitative method for detecting flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin in milk and to strengthen the monitoring system by applying to other livestock and fishery products. Two different methods were compared, and the target compounds were extracted from milk using an organic solvent, purified with C18, concentrated, and reconstituted using a methanol-based solvent. Following filtering, the final sample was analyzed using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Method 1 is environmentally friendly due to the low use of reagents and is based on a multi-residue, multi-class analysis method approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The accuracy and precision of both methods were 84.6%-115% and 0.7%-9.3%, respectively. Owing to the low matrix effect in milk and its convenience, Method 1 was evaluated for other matrices (beef, chicken, egg, flatfish, and shrimp) and its recovery and coefficient of variation are sufficient according to the Codex criteria (CAC/GL 71-2009). The limits of detection and quantification were 2-8 and 5-27 μg/kg for flunixin and 2-10 and 6-33 μg/kg for 5-hydroxy flunixin, respectively. This study can be used as a monitoring method for a positive list system that regulates veterinary drug residues for all livestock and fisheries products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Park
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug
Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety
Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Yong Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook
University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug
Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety
Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jang-Duck Choi
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug
Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety
Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Gui-Im Moon
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug
Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety
Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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Ohba Y, Hayashi H, Kanda M, Nagano C, Yoshikawa S, Nakajima T, Matsushima Y, Koike H, Hayashi M, Yokoyama T, Sasamoto T. Simultaneous determination of five carbapenems, highly polar antibiotics, in milk by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:151-161. [PMID: 38252707 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of five carbapenems (biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem) in raw and pasteurised bovine milk samples using LC-MS/MS was achieved and validated. Chromatographic separation was conducted on an InertSustain® AQ-C18 column using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile/water (20:80, v/v). After the removal of lipids with acetonitrile-saturated hexane, the dissolved protein was denatured with acetic acid. A portion of the supernatant was passed through an Oasis® PRiME HLB cartridge to remove the matrix. This novel method was validated in accordance with the Japanese validation guidelines and exhibited good trueness, ranging from 86.3% to 96.2%, using matrix-matched calibration curves. The relative standard deviation of repeatability ranged from 1.0% to 6.3%, and that of within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 1.6% to 7.1%. The limit of quantification was 1.0 µg kg-1 for all analytes. None of the 60 milk samples commercially available in Tokyo contained any analytes. This novel method exhibited high-quality performance and can easily be implemented for the routine monitoring of carbapenems, which are highly polar antibiotics in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ohba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Maki Kanda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Koike
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Seo HJ, Na TW, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Hong S, Cho H. Target and non-target analytical method for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair using liquid- and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464170. [PMID: 37390765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Extraction using acetonitrile and water and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC and GC-QTOF/MS) techniques were used to screen for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair. In addition, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques were used for verification of the analytical method and quantitative analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins and antioxidants in hair. Optimized sample preparation involves extracting 0.05 g of sample with 0.6 mL of ACN and 0.4 mL of distilled water. In addition, the two layers were separated by adding 0.1 g of NaCl. Then, both the ACN and water layers were analyzed by LC-TOF/MS, and the ACN layer was analyzed by GC-TOF/MS. Most of the matrix effects of livestock and pet hair were less than 50%, but some matrices and components showed high results, so matrix matching correction was applied for more precise quantification. Method validation was performed for 394 constituents (293 pesticides, 93 veterinary drugs, 6 mycotoxins and 2 preservatives) in dog, cat, cow and pig hair and chicken and duck feathers. All components showed good linearity (r2 ≥0.98) in the developed assay. The quantification limit of all compounds was set at 0.02 mg/kg, which is the lowest level that satisfies the recovery rate standard. The recovery experiment was repeated 8 times at 3 concentrations. Most of the components were extracted with the ACN layer, and the recovery rate was 63.35-119.98%. In order to confirm the efficiency of extracting harmful substances from actual samples, 30 hairs of livestock and pets were screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Seo
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Tae Woong Na
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Seung Hwa Lee
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Sunghie Hong
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
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Lin C, Zhou X, Zhang H, Fu Z, Yang H, Zhang M, Hu P. Deciphering and investigating fragment mechanism of quinolones using multi-collision energy mass spectrometry and computational chemistry strategy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9514. [PMID: 37012644 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quinolones show characteristic fragments in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis due to their common core structures, and energy-dependent differences among these fragments are generated through the same fragmentation pathway of different molecules. Computational chemistry, which provides quantitative results of molecule parameters, is helpful for investigating the mechanisms of chemistry. METHODS MS/MS spectra of five quinolones, namely norfloxacin (NOR), enoxacin (ENO), enrofloxacin (ENR), gatifloxacin (GAT), and lomefloxacin (LOM), were acquired for deciphering fragmentation pathways under multi-collision energy (CE). Computational methods were used for excluding little possibility pathways from the point of view of energy and stable conformations, whereas optimized collision energy (OCE) and maximum relative intensity (MRI) of major competitive fragments were investigated and confirmed using computational results. RESULTS Fragmentation results of NOR, ENO, ENR, and GAT were deciphered using experimental and computational data, of which fragmentation regularities were summarized. Fragmentation pathways of LOM were deciphered under the guidance of foregoing regularities. Meanwhile, the whole process was validated by comparing OCE and MRI and computational energy results, which showed good agreement. CONCLUSIONS A strategy for explaining quinolone fragmentation results of multi-CE values and deciphering fragment mechanism using computational methods was developed. Relevant data and strategy may provide ideas for how to design and decipher new drug molecules with similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhui Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Department of pharmaceutical engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong road No.130, Shanghai, China
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Hu Q, Lan L, Li W, Zhou H, Pan H, Yuan J, Ji S, Miao S. Low-Temperature Cleanup Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Nine Polar Plant Growth Regulators in Herbal Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2023; 86:483-495. [PMID: 37255950 PMCID: PMC10097522 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polar plant growth regulators, used alone or doped in fertilizers, are most effective and widely utilized plant growth regulators (PGRs) in agriculture, which play important roles in mediating the yield and quality of crops and foodstuffs. The application scope has been extended to herbal medicines in the past 2 decades and relevant study is inadequate. The aim of this study is to establish a QuPPe-based extraction method containing low-temperature and d-SPE cleanup procedure followed by the detection on a selective multiresidue ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) in three herbal matrices. This simple, accurate, versatile and robust method was verified according to the validation criteria of the SANTE/12682/2019 guideline document. The analytical range was from 2.5 to 200 μg/L, and the average recoveries were in the range of 64.6-117.8% (n = 6). The optimized method was applied to 135 herbal medicines thereof. Result showed that the detection frequency of chlormequat was the highest in the investigated PGRs, with the positive rate of 15.6%. Improvement of the detection method for polar PGRs will enrich the coverage of PGRs, which is conducive to safeguard public health and ensure drug safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Lan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenting Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yuan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Ji
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui Miao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
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Sun M, Yi X, Tong Z, Dong X, Chu Y, Meng D, Duan J. Residual Behavior and Dietary Risk Assessment of Chlorfenapyr and Its Metabolites in Radish. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020580. [PMID: 36677638 PMCID: PMC9866042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorfenapyr, as a highly effective and low-toxicity insect growth regulation inhibitor, has been used to control cross-cruciferous vegetable pests. However, the pesticide residue caused by its application threatens human health. In this paper, the residue digestion and final residue of chlorfenapyr in radish were studied in a field experiment. The results of the dynamic digestion test showed that the half-life of chlorfenapyr in radish leaves ranged from 6.0 to 6.4 days, and the digestion rate was fast. The median residual values of chlorfenapyr in radish and radish leaves at 14 days after treatment were 0.12 and 3.92 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the dietary intake risk assessment showed that the national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of chlorfenapyr in various populations in China were 0.373 and 5.66 µg/(kg bw·d), respectively. The risk entropy (RQ) was 0.012 and 0.147, respectively, indicating that the chronic dietary intake risk of chlorfenapyr in radish was low. The results of this study provided data support and a theoretical basis for guiding the scientific use of chlorfenapyr in radish production and evaluating the dietary risk of chlorfenapyr in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yue Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
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