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Lee SY, Tan YH, Lau SY, Mubarak NM, Tan YY, Tan IS, Lee YH, Ibrahim ML, Karri RR, Khalid M, Chan YS, Adeoye JB. A state-of-the-art review of metal oxide nanoflowers for wastewater treatment: Dye removal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 259:119448. [PMID: 38942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Dye wastewater consists of high solids concentrations, heavy metals, minor contaminants, dissolved chemical oxygen demand, and microorganisms. Nanoflowers are nanoparticles that resemble flowers when viewed at a microscopic level. Inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers have been discovered to be a potential source for overcoming this situation. Their flower-like features give them a higher surface area to volume ratio and porosity structure, which can absorb a significant amount of dye. The metal oxide nanoflower synthesized from different synthesis methods is used to compare which one is cost-effective and capable of generating a large scale of nanoflower. This review has demonstrated outstanding dye removal efficiency by applying inorganic nanoflowers to dye removal. Since both adsorption and photocatalytic reactions enhance the dye degradation process, complete dye degradation could be achieved. Meanwhile, the inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers' exemplary reusability characteristics with negligible performance drop further prove that this approach is highly sustainable and may help to save costs. This review has proven the momentum of obtaining high dye removal efficiency in wastewater treatment to conclude that the metal oxide nanoflower study is worth researching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Yee Yong Tan
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Huei Lee
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lokman Ibrahim
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Nanomaterials Research, Institute of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Yen San Chan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - John Busayo Adeoye
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Asadinamin M, Živković A, de Leeuw NH, Lewis SP. Role of Interfacial Morphology in Cu 2O/TiO 2 and Band Bending: Insights from Density Functional Theory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35781-35792. [PMID: 38922125 PMCID: PMC11247431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis, a promising solution to environmental challenges, relies on the generation and utilization of photogenerated charge carriers within photocatalysts. However, the recombination of these carriers often limits efficiency. Heterostructures, especially Cu2O/TiO2, have emerged as effective solutions to enhance charge separation. This study systematically explores the effect of interfacial morphologies on the band bending within Cu2O/TiO2 anatase heterostructures by employing density functional theory. Through this study, eight distinct interfaces are identified and analyzed, revealing a consistent staggered-type band alignment. Despite variations in band edge positions, systematic charge transfer from Cu2O to TiO2 is observed across all interfaces. The proposed band bending configurations would suggest enhanced charge separation and photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet illumination due to a Z-scheme configuration. This theoretical investigation provides valuable insights into the interplay between interfacial morphology, band bending, and charge transfer for advancing the understanding of fundamental electronic mechanisms in heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Asadinamin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrecht
University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz
10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3548CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Lewis
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Tian T, Zhang J, Tian L, Ge S, Zhai Z. Photocatalytic Degradation of Gaseous Benzene Using Cu/Fe-Doped TiO 2 Nanocatalysts under Visible Light. Molecules 2023; 29:144. [PMID: 38202726 PMCID: PMC10779467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-enhanced TiO2 nanocatalysts doped with Cu and Fe were synthesized using the sol-gel method to investigate their performance in degrading gaseous benzene. The structure and morphology of mono- and co-doped TiO2 (i.e., Cu/Fe-TiO2, Cu-Fe-TiO2) were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, BET, Raman, UV-vis-DRS, and XPS techniques. The results indicated that the presence of Cu/Fe mono- and co-doped TiO2 leads to the formation of an anatase phase similar to pure TiO2. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu/Fe enhanced the presence of lattice defects and increased the specific surface area of TiO2. This enhancement can be attributed to the increase in oxygen vacancies, especially in the case of Cu-Fe-TiO2. Additionally, Cu-Fe-TiO2 showed a higher concentration of surface-bound hydroxyl groups/chemically adsorbed oxygen and a narrower bandgap than pure TiO2. Consequently, Cu-Fe-TiO2 exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance of 658.33 μgC6H6/(g·h), achieving a benzene degradation rate of 88.87%, surpassing that of pure TiO2 (5.09%), Cu-TiO2 (66.92%), and Fe-TiO2 (59.99%). Reusability tests demonstrated that Cu-Fe-TiO2 maintained a high benzene degradation efficiency of 71.4%, even after five experimental cycles, highlighting its exceptional stability and reusability. In summary, the addition of Cu/Fe to TiO2 enhances its ability to degrade gaseous benzene by prolonging the catalyst's lifespan and expanding its photoresponse range to include visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tian
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China; (T.T.); (J.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China; (T.T.); (J.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Lijiang Tian
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China; (T.T.); (J.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Sijie Ge
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China; (T.T.); (J.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhenyu Zhai
- Sinoma International Intelligent Technology Co., Nanjing 221122, China;
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Sorokina LI, Tarasov AM, Pepelyaeva AI, Lazarenko PI, Trifonov AY, Savchuk TP, Kuzmin AV, Tregubov AV, Shabaeva EN, Zhurina ES, Volkova LS, Dubkov SV, Kozlov DV, Gromov D. The Composite TiO 2-CuO x Layers Formed by Electrophoretic Method for CO 2 Gas Photoreduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2030. [PMID: 37513041 PMCID: PMC10383395 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the ability to control the properties of TiO2-CuOx composite layers for photocatalytic applications by using a simple electrophoretic deposition method from isopropanol-based suspension. To obtain uniform layers with a controlled composition, the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate was used, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and the morphology of the deposited layers. The TiO2-CuOx composite layers with different CuOx contents (1.5, 5.5, and 11 wt.%) were obtained. It is shown that the optical band gap measured by UV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflectance spectra. When CuOx is added to TiO2, two absorption edges corresponding to TiO2 and CuOx are observed, indicating a broadening of the photosensitivity range of the material relative to pure TiO2. An open-circuit potential study shows that by changing the amount of CuOx in the composite material, one can control the ratio of free charge carriers (n and p) and, therefore, the catalytic properties of the material. As a result, the TiO2-CuOx composite layers have enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the pure TiO2 layer: methanol yield grows with increasing CuOx content during CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Sorokina
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey M Tarasov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya I Pepelyaeva
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I Lazarenko
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Yu Trifonov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Physical Problems Named after F.V. Lukin, Pass. 4806, Bld., Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofey P Savchuk
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Kuzmin
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Tregubov
- S.P. Kapitsa Scientific Technological Research Institute, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - Elena N Shabaeva
- S.P. Kapitsa Scientific Technological Research Institute, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Zhurina
- S.P. Kapitsa Scientific Technological Research Institute, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - Lidiya S Volkova
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics RAS, 32A Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Dubkov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kozlov
- S.P. Kapitsa Scientific Technological Research Institute, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gromov
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Technologies, National Research University of Electronic Technology-MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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Green Synthesis of CuO-TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants: Physical, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CuO-TiO2 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using the C. benghalensis plant extracts. The effect of the composition of CuO to TiO2 on the morphological, optical, electrochemical, and photodegradation efficiency in the composites was studied. SEM, XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, TGA, BET, and CV were used to characterize these materials. The XRD data reported the tenorite structure of the CuO and the anatase phase of the TiO2. SEM showed the spherical morphologies for all the CuO-TiO2 NPs, and these were also mesoporous in nature, as depicted by BET. The voltammogram of the CuO-TiO2 30/70 electrode showed a higher response current density compared to the other two samples, suggesting a higher specific capacitance. Upon testing the photocatalytic efficiencies of the CuO-TiO2 nanocomposites against methylene blue (MB), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfisoxazole (SSX), the highest degradation of 94% was recorded for SSX using the CuO-TiO2 30/70 nanocomposites. Hydroxyl radicals were the primary species responsible for the photodegradation of SSX, and the material could be reused once. The most active species in the photodegradation of SSX has been identified as OH•. From this study, it can be noted that the CuO-TiO2 nanocomposites were more selective toward the degradation of antibiotics (sulfisoxazole and ciproflaxin) as compared to dyes (methylene blue).
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Ecofriendly Green Synthesis of Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Using Corchorus olitorus Leaves (Molokhaia) Extract and Their Application for the Environmental Remediation of Direct Violet Dye via Advanced Oxidation Process. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010016. [PMID: 36615210 PMCID: PMC9822215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were prepared by an ecofriendly green method using the extract of corchorus olitorus leaves (Molokhaia) as a surfactant, capping and anti-agglomeration agent. The ecofriendly green CuO NPs were characterized using different chemical and physical techniques and the results confirmed the formation of monoclinic tenorite CuO nanoparticles with an average particle size of 12 nm and BET surface area of 11.1 m2/g. The eco-friendly green CuO NPs were used in environmental remediation for the efficient catalytic degradation of direct violet dye via advanced oxidation process (AOP) in presence of H2O2. The impact of AOP environmental parameters affecting the degradation process was investigated. Moreover, the catalytic degradation of the direct violet dye using the ecofriendly green CuO NPs was studied kinetically and thermodynamically and the results showed that the catalytic degradation process agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Finally, high catalytic degradation of the direct violet dye was observed when the eco-friendly prepared green CuO NPs were placed in real water samples.
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Bala D, Matei I, Ionita G, Cosma DV, Rosu MC, Stanca M, Gaidau C, Baleanu M, Virgolici M, Stanculescu I. Luminescence, Paramagnetic, and Electrochemical Properties of Copper Oxides-Decorated TiO 2/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314703. [PMID: 36499031 PMCID: PMC9735503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of newly synthesized Cu2O/CuO-decorated TiO2/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites (NC) were analyzed aiming to obtain insight into their photocatalytic behavior and their various applications, including water remediation, self-cleaning surfaces, antibacterial materials, and electrochemical sensors. The physico-chemical methods of research were photoluminescence (PL), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The solid samples evidenced an EPR signal that can be attributed to the oxygen-vacancy defects and copper ions in correlation with PL results. Free radicals generated before and after UV-Vis irradiation of powders and aqueous dispersions of Cu2O/CuO-decorated TiO2/GO nanocomposites were studied by EPR spectroscopy using two spin traps, DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) and CPH (1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine), to highlight the formation of hydroxyl and superoxide reactive oxygen species, respectively. The electrochemical characterization of the NC modified carbon-paste electrodes (CPE) was carried out by CV and DPV. As such, modified carbon-paste electrodes were prepared by mixing carbon paste with copper oxides-decorated TiO2/GO nanocomposites. We have shown that GO reduces the recombination process in TiO2 by immediate electron transfer from excited TiO2 to GO sheets. The results suggest that differences in the PL, respectively, EPR data and electrochemical behavior, are due to the different copper oxides and GO content, presenting new perspectives of materials functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bala
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, No. 4-12, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Matei
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Ionita
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos-Viorel Cosma
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67–103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcela-Corina Rosu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67–103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Stanca
- Leather Research Department, National Institute for Textiles and Leather, Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Gaidau
- Leather Research Department, National Institute for Textiles and Leather, Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Baleanu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Research and Development for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marian Virgolici
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Research and Development for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ioana Stanculescu
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, No. 4-12, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Research and Development for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Goyat R, Saharan Y, Singh J, Umar A, Akbar S. Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation Applications: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6433. [PMID: 36234970 PMCID: PMC9571129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term graphene was coined using the prefix "graph" taken from graphite and the suffix "-ene" for the C=C bond, by Boehm et al. in 1986. The synthesis of graphene can be done using various methods. The synthesized graphene was further oxidized to graphene oxide (GO) using different methods, to enhance its multitude of applications. Graphene oxide (GO) is the oxidized analogy of graphene, familiar as the only intermediate or precursor for obtaining the latter at a large scale. Graphene oxide has recently obtained enormous popularity in the energy, environment, sensor, and biomedical fields and has been handsomely exploited for water purification membranes. GO is a unique class of mechanically robust, ultrathin, high flux, high-selectivity, and fouling-resistant separation membranes that provide opportunities to advance water desalination technologies. The facile synthesis of GO membranes opens the doors for ideal next-generation membranes as cost-effective and sustainable alternative to long existing thin-film composite membranes for water purification applications. Many types of GO-metal oxide nanocomposites have been used to eradicate the problem of metal ions, halomethanes, other organic pollutants, and different colors from water bodies, making water fit for further use. Furthermore, to enhance the applications of GO/metal oxide nanocomposites, they were deposited on polymeric membranes for water purification due to their relatively low-cost, clear pore-forming mechanism and higher flexibility compared to inorganic membranes. Along with other applications, using these nanocomposites in the preparation of membranes not only resulted in excellent fouling resistance but also could be a possible solution to overcome the trade-off between water permeability and solute selectivity. Hence, a GO/metal oxide nanocomposite could improve overall performance, including antibacterial properties, strength, roughness, pore size, and the surface hydrophilicity of the membrane. In this review, we highlight the structure and synthesis of graphene, as well as graphene oxide, and its decoration with a polymeric membrane for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Goyat
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Yajvinder Saharan
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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