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Tian Y, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Li H, Shen J, Gao X, Cai B, Li W, Qin K. The modern scientific mystery of traditional Chinese medicine processing--take some common traditional Chinese medicine as examples. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25091. [PMID: 38312540 PMCID: PMC10835376 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique traditional pharmaceutical technology in China, which is the most important feature that distinguishes Chinese medicine from natural medicine and plant medicine. Since the record in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor), till now, the processing of TCM has experienced more than 2000 years of inheritance, innovation, and development, which is a combination of TCM theory and clinical practice, and plays an extremely important position in the field of TCM. In recent years, as a clinical prescription of TCM, Chinese herbal pieces have played a significant role in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 and exhibited their unique value, and therefore they have become the highlight of China's clinical treatment protocol and provided Chinese experience and wisdom for the international community in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. This paper outlines the research progress in the processing of representative TCM in recent years, reviews the mechanism of the related effects of TCM materials after processing, such as changing the drug efficacy and reducing the toxicity, puts forward the integration and application of a variety of new technologies and methods, so as to reveal the modern scientific mystery of the processing technology of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Jinyang Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
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Yang B, Zhang Z, Song J, Qi T, Zeng J, Feng L, Jia X. Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective. Chin Med 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38238801 PMCID: PMC10797928 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Su LL, Li X, Guo ZJ, Xiao XY, Chen P, Zhang JB, Mao CQ, Ji D, Mao J, Gao B, Lu TL. Effects of different steaming times on the composition, structure and immune activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116351. [PMID: 36914038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Polygonati Rhizoma has high medicinal value, it can enhance the immune capacity of the body, regulate the metabolism of blood glucose and lipids, treat weakness of the stomach and intestines and physical fatigue, and so on. There are three plant varieties of Polygonati Rhizoma recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, including Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, compared with the first two, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is less studied. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is one of the basal plants of the Chinese herb Polygonati Rhizoma, that strengthens the spleen, moistens the lungs, and benefits the kidneys. Polygonatum polysaccharide is the main active substance of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, which has various biological effects of regulating immune system, anti-inflammatory, anti-antidepressant, antioxidant and other effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to analyze the necessity and scientificity of multiple cycles of steaming during the traditional nine-steaming and nine-drying process of the concoction of Polygonatum, we investigated the changes in the composition and structure of polysaccharides, and explored its immunomodulatory activity and molecular biological mechanism. METHODS The structural characterization and molecular weight of polysaccharides were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-performance size exclusion chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPSEC-ELSD) and Matrix.assisted laser resolutionu ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The composition and proportion of monosaccharides were determined by PMP-HPLC method. A mouse immunosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to compare the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of different steaming times of Polygonatum, The changes of body mass and immune organ indices of mice were measured; the secretion levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and the expression levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and then flow cytometry was used to detect T-lymphocyte subpopulations to evaluate the differences of immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides during the processing and preparation of Polygonatum. Finally, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to analyze short-chain fatty acids and to investigate the effects of different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharides on immune function and intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice. RESULTS The structure of the Polygonatum polysaccharide with different steaming times changed significantly, the relative molecular weight of Polygonatum polysaccharide decreased significantly, and the monosaccharide composition of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua with different steaming times was the same but the content was different. The immunomodulatory activity of the Polygonatum polysaccharide was enhanced after concoction, which significantly increased the spleen index and thymus index, and increased the expression of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA and IgM. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio of Polygonatum polysaccharide also increased gradually with different steaming times, indicating enhanced immune function and significant immunomodulatory effect. The content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of mice in both six steaming six sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (SYWPP) and nine steaming nine sun-drying of Polygonatum polysaccharides (NYWPP) groups increased significantly, including the content of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid, and also had a good effect on the regulation and improvement of microbial community abundance and diversity, SYWPP and NYWPP increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and the ratio of Bacteroides and Firmicutes (B:F), while SYWPP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroides, Alistipes and norank_f__Lachnospiraceae, but the effect of raw Polygonatum polysaccharides (RPP) and NYWPP was not significant than SYWPP. CONCLUSION Overall, both SYWPP and NYWPP could significantly enhance the immune activity of the organism, improve the imbalance of intestinal flora in immunosuppressed mice, and increase the content of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), it is noteworthy that SYWPP has a better effect on the improvement of the immune activity of the organism. These findings can explore the stage of the concoction process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to achieve the best effect, provide a reference basis for the development of quality standards, and at the same time promote the application of new therapeutic agents and health foods in raw and different steaming times of Polygonatum polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Lin Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Guo
- China Resources Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiu-Ba Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun-Qin Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - De Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Bo Gao
- China Resources Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Tu-Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhang J, Wang J, Yang L, Wang Y, Jin W, Li J, Zhang Z. Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Polygonatum cyrtonema and Its Processed Product: Chemical Fingerprinting, Determination and Bioactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114341. [PMID: 37298820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is a traditional pharmaceutical technology in Chinese medicine. Traditionally, proper processing of CHMs is necessary to meet the specific clinical requirements of different syndromes. Processing with black bean juice is considered one of the most important techniques in traditional Chinese pharmaceutical technology. Despite the long-standing practice of processing Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH), there is little research on the changes in chemical constituents and bioactivity before and after processing. This study investigated the influence of black bean juice processing on the chemical composition and bioactivity of PCH. The results revealed significant changes in both composition and contents during processing. Saccharide and saponin content significantly increased after processing. Moreover, the processed samples exhibited considerably stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity, as well as FRAP-reducing capacity, compared to the raw samples. The IC50 values for DPPH were 1.0 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 0.65 ± 0.10 mg/mL for the raw and processed samples, respectively. For ABTS, the IC50 values were 0.65 ± 0.07 mg/mL and 0.25 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the processed sample demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (IC50 = 1.29 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 0.48 ± 0.04 mg/mL) compared to the raw sample (IC50 = 5.58 ± 0.22 mg/mL and 0.80 ± 0.09 mg/mL). These findings underscore the significance of black bean processing in enhancing the properties of PCH and lay the foundation for its further development as a functional food. The study elucidates the role of black bean processing in PCH and offers valuable insights for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Qin Zhou Provincial Health School, Qinzhou 535009, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenfang Jin
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wang Q, Ban J, Cai R, Zhang X, Lai C, Chen Y, Li X, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Lin Y. Metabolic Composition and Quality Traits of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from Different Germplasms and Age Sections Based on Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076077. [PMID: 37047050 PMCID: PMC10094609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum rhizomes are rich in various compounds with many biological activities and are widely used in functional foods and pharmaceutical products. In order to screen for superior Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema) germplasm and also to elucidate the nutritional and medicinal values of rhizomes, the metabolic composition and quality traits of rhizomes from different germplasms and age sections of P. cyrtonema were analysed by widely targeted metabolomics, and the molecular mechanism of triacylglycerol synthesis was explored. The results showed that the different germplasms and age sections of P. cyrtonema were rich in different nutritional and medicinal components. Of these, the broad-leaved green stem (GK) germplasm is rich in polysaccharides, alkaloids, and lipids; the pointed-leaved green stem (JL) germplasm is rich in flavonoids, steroids, and amino acids, while the pointed-leaved purple stem (JZ) germplasm contains more phenolic acids. The one-year (AT) age section is rich in polysaccharides, steroids, organic acids, and lipids; the three years (CT) age section contains more flavonoids, alkaloids, and amino acid metabolites. Lipids were significantly enriched in the broad-leaved green stem germplasm and the one-year age section. Interestingly, the highest accumulation of triacylglycerols, an important component of lipids, was also found in the GK germplasm and the AT age section. Nineteen, 14, and 13 members of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) gene families, respectively, involved in triacylglycerol synthesis were also identified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results further suggested that the differentially expressed PcDGAT1, PcDGAT2.4, PcGPAT9.1, PcLPAT2.9, and PcLPAT4.3 genes may play important roles in triacylglycerol synthesis in P. cyrtonema. Therefore, this study provides a new theoretical reference for product development and the breeding of new varieties of Polygonatum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuang Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingjie Ban
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Roudi Cai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chunwang Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cuirong Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Sun Y, Zhou L, Shan X, Zhao T, Cui M, Hao W, Wei B. Untargeted components and in vivo metabolites analyses of Polygonatum under different processing times. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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