1
|
Tian Y, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Li H, Shen J, Gao X, Cai B, Li W, Qin K. The modern scientific mystery of traditional Chinese medicine processing--take some common traditional Chinese medicine as examples. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25091. [PMID: 38312540 PMCID: PMC10835376 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique traditional pharmaceutical technology in China, which is the most important feature that distinguishes Chinese medicine from natural medicine and plant medicine. Since the record in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor), till now, the processing of TCM has experienced more than 2000 years of inheritance, innovation, and development, which is a combination of TCM theory and clinical practice, and plays an extremely important position in the field of TCM. In recent years, as a clinical prescription of TCM, Chinese herbal pieces have played a significant role in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 and exhibited their unique value, and therefore they have become the highlight of China's clinical treatment protocol and provided Chinese experience and wisdom for the international community in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. This paper outlines the research progress in the processing of representative TCM in recent years, reviews the mechanism of the related effects of TCM materials after processing, such as changing the drug efficacy and reducing the toxicity, puts forward the integration and application of a variety of new technologies and methods, so as to reveal the modern scientific mystery of the processing technology of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Jinyang Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kobayashi S, Yoda Y, Takagi H, Ito T, Wakamatsu J, Nakatsubo R, Horie Y, Hiraki T, Shima M. Short-term effects of the chemical components of fine particulate matter on pulmonary function: A repeated panel study among adolescents. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165195. [PMID: 37391138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the chemical components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been drawing attention. However, information regarding the impact of low PM2.5 concentrations is limited. Hence, we aimed to investigate the short-term effects of the chemical components of PM2.5 on pulmonary function and their seasonal differences in healthy adolescents living on an isolated island without major artificial sources of air pollution. A panel study was repeatedly conducted twice a year for one month every spring and fall from October 2014 to November 2016 on an isolated island in the Seto Inland Sea, which has no major artificial sources of air pollution. Daily measurements of peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were performed in 47 healthy college students, and the concentrations of 35 chemical components of PM2.5 were analyzed every 24 h. Using a mixed-effects model, the relationship between pulmonary function values and concentrations of PM2.5 components was analyzed. Significant associations were observed between several PM2.5 components and decreased pulmonary function. Among the ionic components, sulfate was strongly related to decreases in PEF and FEV1 (-4.20 L/min [95 % confidence interval (CI): -6.40 to -2.00] and - 0.04 L [95 % CI: -0.05 to -0.02] per interquartile range increase, respectively). Among the elemental components, potassium induced the greatest reduction in PEF and FEV1. Therefore, PEF and FEV1 were significantly reduced as the concentrations of several PM2.5 components increased during fall, with minimal changes observed during spring. Several chemical components of PM2.5 were significantly associated with decreased pulmonary function among healthy adolescents. The concentrations of PM2.5 chemical components differed by season, suggesting the occurrence of distinct effects on the respiratory system depending on the type of component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime 794-2593, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime 794-2593, Japan
| | - Junko Wakamatsu
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime 794-2593, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan
| | - Yosuke Horie
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hiraki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei J, Shen L, Zhang W, Ma F, Wang J, Wei T, Xie C, Wang Y, Wang Q. Comparative Chemical Characterization of Potato Powders Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2023; 78:590-596. [PMID: 37566209 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the metabolic profiling of potato powders obtained through various processing procedures and commercially available potato powders. The metabolic fingerprinting was conducted using 1H NMR-based metabolomics coupled with machine learning projections. The results indicate hot air-dried potatoes have higher fumarate, glucose, malate, asparagine, choline, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), alanine, lactate, threonine, and fatty acids. In comparison, steam-cooked potatoes have higher levels of phenylalanine, sucrose, proline, citrate, glutamate, and valine. Moreover, the contents of metabolites in processed potatoes in this study were higher than those found in commercial potato powders, regardless of the drying or cooking methods used. The results indicate that a new processing technique may be developed to improve the nutritional value of potatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lei
- School of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Henan Polytechnic, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Fangchao Ma
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451100, China
| | - Jingchen Wang
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451100, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chengping Xie
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproductive Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450063, China.
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu G, Wang Z, Cui X, Yang S. Component analysis of Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps after solid-state fermentation by okara and its safety evaluation in mice and rats. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:852-856. [PMID: 35749649 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2092734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore the chemical components and nutrient components of Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps, component analysis was characterized using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Then, the acute toxicity and the subacute toxicity were conducted, respectively. A total of 38 compounds were detected and quantified. Meanwhile, Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps had higher quantities of macronutrients, primarily Zn, which was remarkably higher than the human recommended daily values (p < 0.001). Importantly, no evidence of toxicity was observed in the mice after acute exposure to Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps. In subacute toxicity studies, there were no significant differences in the body and organ weights. In the blood chemistry analysis, no significant changes occurred. Pathologically, neither histopathological changes nor gross abnormalities were observed. Thus, our study highlights the potential for using Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps as novel food with Zn supplementation for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Cui
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Susanti N, Purba J, Gopas Oetama MY. Increasing the stability of incense gum extract ( Styrax benzoin) with a mixture of surfactants. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2023; 14:24-28. [PMID: 36950469 PMCID: PMC10026331 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_539_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrax benzoin is a type of incense produced in North Tapanuli, Indonesia. The content of metabolite compounds provides wide use in pharmaceuticals. The occurrence of deposits in the extract makes this preparation unstable; this instability creates problems, especially in the concentration of the extract and is impractical so it needs to be redissolved. The method of using surfactants can be used as a suspending agent, a mixture of two types of surfactants gives variations in hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB), by finding the optimum HLB value to create optimum solution stability and organoleptic, various mixture ratios were carried out with test parameters such as organoleptic, pH, viscosity, particle size, and components of chemical compounds. The results show that the optimum HLB of S. benzoin is 12.7 in surfactants Tween 80 and Span 80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Susanti
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Jamalum Purba
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, Medan, Indonesia
| | - M. Yosia Gopas Oetama
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, Medan, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Chen WH, Huang Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Gao J. Advances in soot particles from gasoline direct injection engines: A focus on physical and chemical characterisation. Chemosphere 2023; 311:137181. [PMID: 36356811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing market share of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles, high particulate emissions of GDI engines are of increasing concern due to their adverse impacts on both human health and the ecological environment. A thorough understanding of GDI nanoparticulate properties is required to develop advanced particulate filters and assess the exhaust toxicity and environmental impacts. To this end, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the physical and chemical characteristics of GDI nanoparticles from a distinctive perspective, including soot oxidation reactivity, morphology, nanostructure, surface chemistry, chemical components, and their correlations. This review begins with a brief description of nanoparticle characterisation methods. Then, the nanoparticle characteristics of GDI engines are reviewed with the following aspects: in-cylinder soot, exhaust particulate features, and a comparison between GDI and diesel nanoparticles. Previous studies showed that exhaust nanoparticle presents a more stable nanostructure and is less prone to oxidation if compared with in-cylinder soot. Additionally, GDI particles are less-ordered, more inorganic and metallic containing, and more reactive than diesel particles. Afterwards, the impacts of engine operating parameters and aftertreatments on GDI soot features are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusions and future research recommendations are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of New Transportation Energy and Automotive Energy Saving, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, PR China.
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Long Wang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, PR China
| | - Jianbing Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michikawa T, Morokuma S, Yamazaki S, Takami A, Sugata S, Yoshino A, Takeda Y, Nakahara K, Saito S, Hoshi J, Kato K, Nitta H, Nishiwaki Y. Exposure to chemical components of fine particulate matter and ozone, and placenta-mediated pregnancy complications in Tokyo: a register-based study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2022; 32:135-145. [PMID: 33603097 PMCID: PMC8770113 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was associated with pregnancy complications. However, we still lack comprehensive evidence regarding which specific chemical components of PM2.5 are more harmful for maternal and foetal health. OBJECTIVE We focused on exposure over the first trimester (0-13 weeks of gestation), which includes the early placentation period, and investigated whether PM2.5 and its components were associated with placenta-mediated pregnancy complications (combined outcome of small for gestational age, preeclampsia, placental abruption, and stillbirth). METHODS From 2013 to 2015, we obtained information, from the Japan Perinatal Registry Network database, on 83,454 women who delivered singleton infants within 23 Tokyo wards (≈627 km2). Using daily filter sampling of PM2.5 at one monitoring location, we analysed carbon and ion components, and assigned the first trimester average of the respective pollutant concentrations to each woman. RESULTS The ORs of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications were 1.14 (95% CI = 1.08-1.22) per 0.51 μg/m3 (interquartile range) increase of organic carbon and 1.11 (1.03-1.18) per 0.06 μg/m3 increase of sodium. Organic carbon was also associated with four individual complications. There was no association between ozone and outcome. SIGNIFICANCE There were specific components of PM2.5 that have adverse effects on maternal and foetal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Michikawa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Morokuma
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugata
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nakahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Hoshi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu K, Wang L, Jiang B, An J, Nian B, Wang D, Chen L, Ma Y, Wang X, Fan J, Luo H, Pan Y, Zhao M. Effect of inoculation with Penicillium chrysogenum on chemical components and fungal communities in fermentation of Pu-erh tea. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110748. [PMID: 34865766 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing an effective method to improve the quality of Pu-erh tea is of great scientific and commercial interest. In this work, Penicillium chrysogenum P1 isolated from Pu-erh tea was inoculated in sterilized or unsterilized sun-dreid green tea leaves to develop pure-culture fermentation (PF) and enhanced fermentation (EF) of Pu-erh tea. Spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography determined that contents of free amino acids (FAA), total tea polyphenols and eight polyphenolic compounds in PF were significantly lower than these in non-inoculation control test (CK) (P < 0.05), whereas the contents of soluble sugars and theabrownins (TB) in PF were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in CK. A total of 416 volatile compounds were detected by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Comparison to CK, 124 compounds in PF were degraded or decreased significantly [Variable importance in projection [(VIP) > 1.0, P < 0.05, fold change (FC) < 0.5], whereas 110 compounds in PF were formed or increased significantly (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 2). Compared with normal fermentation (NF), the levels of gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and 64 volatile compounds in EF were significantly lower (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC < 0.5), whereas the levels of FAA and 39 volatile compounds were significantly higher (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 2). Amplicon sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) revealed that P. chrysogenum P1 didn't become the dominant fungus in EF; while the fungal communities in EF were different from those in NF, in that the relative abundances of Blastobotrys bambusae and P. chrysogenum in EF were higher, and the relative abundances of Aspergillus niger and Kluyveromyces marxianus in EF were lower. Overall, inoculation of P. chrysogenum in unsterilized sun-dreid green tea leaves changed the the fungal communities in fermentation of Pu-erh tea, and chemical compounds in fermented tea leaves, i.e., the levels of TB and the compounds responsible for the stale flavor, e.g., 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole were increased, resulting in improvement of the sensory quality, including mellower taste and stronger stale flavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Liu
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, Sichuan 644003, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, Sichuan 644003, China
| | - Jiangshan An
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Bo Nian
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Daoping Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijiao Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute of Pu-erh City, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Jiakun Fan
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan & The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province & National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Michikawa T, Yamazaki S, Ueda K, Yoshino A, Sugata S, Saito S, Hoshi J, Nitta H, Takami A. Effects of exposure to chemical components of fine particulate matter on mortality in Tokyo: A case-crossover study. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142489. [PMID: 33017765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is composed of a variety of chemical components, and the dependency of the health effects of total PM2.5 on specific components is still under discussion. We hypothesised that specific PM2.5 components are responsible for the health effects, and investigated the association between PM2.5 components and mortality in 23 Tokyo wards. We obtained mortality data from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the period from April 2013 to March 2017. At a monitoring site within the study area, we collected daily samples of PM2.5 on a filter, and determined the daily mean concentrations of total carbon (organic carbon and elemental carbon) and ions such as nitrate and sulphate. A case-crossover design was employed, and a conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the strength of the association. Over the study period, we identified 280,460 total non-accidental deaths, and the average daily mean concentration of total PM2.5 was 16.0 (standard deviation = 8.9) μg/m3. We observed a positive association of total PM2.5 with total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. After adjustment for total PM2.5 and its components associated with mortality in the single-component models, the percentage increase per interquartile range (2.3 μg/m3) increase in the average total carbon concentration of the case- and previous-day was 2.1% (95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 3.1%) for total mortality. Carbon elements were associated with respiratory but not cardiovascular mortality. Our results suggest that specific components of PM2.5 account for its adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Michikawa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Environmental Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Seiji Sugata
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Shinji Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan.
| | - Junya Hoshi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Akinori Takami
- Centre for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng H, Dong X, Yang Y, Feng Y, Wang T, Tahir MA, Zhang L, Fu H. Au nanoring arrays as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate for chemical component study of individual atmospheric aerosol particle. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:11-17. [PMID: 33279023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer-ordered gold nanoring arrays were prepared by ion-sputtering method and used as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates to test the individual atmospheric aerosols particle. Compared to other methods used for testing atmospheric aerosols particles, the collection and subsequent detection in our work is performed directly on the gold nanoring SERS substrate without any treatment of the analyte. The SERS performance can be tuned by changing the depth of the gold nanoring cavity as originating from coupling of dipolar modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the nanorings. The electric field exhibits uniform enhancement and polarization in the ordered Au nanoring substrate, which can improve the accuracy for detecting atmospheric aerosol particles. Combined with Raman mapping, the information about chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosols particle and distribution of specific components can be presented visually. The results show the potential of SERS in enabling improved analysis of aerosol particle chemical composition, mixing state, and other related physicochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Tahir
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang S, Yu R, Shen H, Wang S, Hu Q, Cui J, Yan Y, Huang H, Hu G. Chemical characteristics, sources, and formation mechanisms of PM 2.5 before and during the Spring Festival in a coastal city in Southeast China. Environ Pollut 2019; 251:442-452. [PMID: 31103004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe pollution caused by atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has become a global environmental issue. Samples of atmospheric PM were collected before and during the Chinese Spring Festival in Xiamen, a coastal city in Southeast China, to investigate their chemical characteristics, sources, and formation mechanisms. The results indicated that PM2.5 mass concentrations comprised 53.60% and 56.31% of total suspended particulates before and during the Spring Festival, respectively. Due to the halt of factory production and construction and the reduction of vehicle flow during the Spring Festival, the concentrations of organic carbon, elemental carbon and water soluble ions in PM2.5 decreased by 78.56%, 84.19% and 27.53%, respectively, compared with those before the Spring Festival. However, the concentrations of K+, Mg2+, Al, Sr, and Ba increased by 3121.76%, 571.67%, 183.71%, 180.15%, and 137.58%, respectively, resulting from the display of fireworks and firecrackers during the Spring Festival. Analysis of backward air mass trajectory indicated that the concentrations of PM2.5 and its components were dominated by local pollution sources before and during the Spring Festival. The relationships between meteorological conditions and pollutant concentrations showed that the secondary organic aerosol was generated from the heterogeneous reaction before the Spring Festival, and the secondary inorganic aerosol was formed by the photochemical reaction during the Spring Festival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring in Fujian Universities, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Huazhen Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xiamen Meteorological Bureau, Xiamen, 361012, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jianyong Cui
- Analytical Laboratory of Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Analytical Laboratory of Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring in Fujian Universities, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Gongren Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yamazaki S, Shima M, Yoda Y, Kurosaka F, Isokawa T, Shimizu S, Ogawa T, Kamiyoshi N, Terada K, Nishikawa J, Hanaoka K, Yamada T, Matsuura S, Hongo A, Yamamoto I. Association between chemical components of PM 2.5 and children's primary care night-time visits due to asthma attacks: A case-crossover study. Allergol Int 2019; 68:329-334. [PMID: 30744923 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few papers have examined the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and health effects. The existence of an association is now under discussion. METHODS This case-crossover study aimed to examine the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and night-time primary care visits (PCVs) due to asthma attacks. The subjects were 1251 children aged 0-14 years who received medical care for asthma at a municipal emergency clinic. We measured daily average concentrations of hydrogen ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion and water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), which are components of PM2.5. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of PCVs per unit increment (inter quartile ranges) in each chemical component of PM2.5 for the subgroups of warmer months and colder months separately. RESULTS No association was seen between PCVs and PM2.5 mass concentrations the day before the PCVs in either warmer or colder months. In the warmer months, an association was seen with the concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ion the day before the PCVs (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00-1.76, OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02-1.36, respectively). Furthermore, a negative association was seen between sulfate ion and PCVs (OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.74-0.98). No associations were observed in the colder months. CONCLUSIONS We observed a positive association between PCVs and certain concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ions in warmer months. In contrast, sulfate ion showed a negative association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yamazaki
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miao WJ, Hu Y, Jia L, Zhang CX, Yang WZ, Zhang P, Guo DA. Profiling and identification of chemical components of Shenshao Tablet and its absorbed components in rats by comprehensive HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS n analysis. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:791-800. [PMID: 30322613 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shenshao Tablet (SST), prepared from Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) and total ginsenoside of Ginseng Stems and Leaves (GSL), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation prescribed to treat coronary heart disease. However, its chemical composition and the components that can migrate into blood potentially exerting the therapeutic effects have rarely been elucidated. We developed an HPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn approach aiming to comprehensively profile and identify both the chemical components of SST and its absorbed ingredients (and metabolites) in rat plasma and urine. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 column using acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. MS detection was conducted in both negative and positive ESI modes to yield more structure information. Comparison with reference compounds (tR, MSn), interpretation of the fragmentation pathways, and searching of in-house database, were utilized for more reliable structure elucidation. A total of 82 components, including 21 monoterpene glycosides, four galloyl glucoses, two phenols from PRA, and 55 ginsenosides from GSL, were identified or tentatively characterized from the 70% ethanolic extract of SST. Amongst them, seven and 24 prototype compounds could be detectable in the plasma and urine samples, respectively, after oral administration of an SST extract (4 g·kg-1) in rats. No metabolites were observed in the rat samples. The findings of this work first unveiled the chemical complexity of SST and its absorbed components, which would be beneficial to understanding the therapeutic basis and quality control of SST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Li Jia
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - De-An Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ryou HG, Heo J, Kim SY. Source apportionment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 air pollution, and possible impacts of study characteristics in South Korea. Environ Pollut 2018; 240:963-972. [PMID: 29910064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of source apportionment (SA) for particulate matter (PM) air pollution have enhanced understanding of dominant pollution sources and quantification of their contribution. Although there have been many SA studies in South Korea over the last two decades, few studies provided an integrated understanding of PM sources nationwide. The aim of this study was to summarize findings of PM SA studies of South Korea and to explore study characteristics. METHODS We selected studies that estimated sources of PM10 and PM2.5 performed for 2000-2017 in South Korea using Positive Matrix Factorization and Chemical Mass Balance. We reclassified the original PM sources identified in each study into seven categories: motor vehicle, secondary aerosol, soil dust, biomass/field burning, combustion/industry, natural source, and others. These seven source categories were summarized by using frequency and contribution across four regions, defined by northwest, west, southeast, and southwest regions, by PM10 and PM2.5. We also computed the population-weighted mean contribution of each source category. In addition, we compared study features including sampling design, sampling and lab analysis methods, chemical components, and the inclusion of Asian dust days. RESULTS In the 21 selected studies, all six PM10 studies identified motor vehicle, soil dust, and combustion/industry, while all 15 PM2.5 studies identified motor vehicle and soil dust. Different from the frequency, secondary aerosol produced a large contribution to both PM10 and PM2.5. Motor vehicle contributed highly to both, whereas the contribution of combustion/industry was high for PM10. The population-weighted mean contribution was the highest for the motor vehicle and secondary aerosol sources for both PM10 and PM2.5. However, these results were based on different subsets of chemical speciation data collected at a single sampling site, commonly in metropolitan areas, with short overlap and measured by different lab analysis methods. CONCLUSION We found that motor vehicle and secondary aerosol were the most common and influential sources for PM in South Korea. Our study, however, suggested a caution to understand SA findings from heterogeneous study features for study designs and input data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Gon Ryou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cencer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang W, Yuan W, Chen Y, Wang J. Microplastics in surface waters of Dongting Lake and Hong Lake, China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:539-545. [PMID: 29579665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics pollution is an environmental issue of increasing concern. Much work has been done on the microplastics pollution in the marine environments. Although freshwaters are potential sources and transport pathways of plastic debris to the oceans, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the presence of microplastics in freshwater systems, especially in China, the world's largest producer of plastics. This study investigated the occurrence and properties of microplastics in surface waters of two important lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The concentration ranges of microplastics in Dongting Lake and Hong Lake were 900-2800 and 1250-4650n/m3, respectively. Fiber was the dominant shape. Colored items occupied the majority. Particles with a size of <330μm comprised >20% of total microplastics collected in both lakes. Most of the selected particles were identified as plastics, with polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) being the major components. This study can provide valuable reference for better understanding the microplastics pollution in inland freshwater ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenke Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miao J, Wei K, Li X, Zhao C, Chen X, Mao X, Huang H, Gao W. Effect of boiling and drying process on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Chaenomeles speciosa. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 54:2758-68. [PMID: 28928515 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fresh and boiled Chaenomeles speciosa (CS) slices dried by different drying methods were determined. Data were analyzed by principle component analysis and cluster analysis. All dried boiled CS from dried fresh CS slices form main cluster. The results also demonstrated that both drying methods, freeze drying and hot air drying at 60 °C had good potential in the industrial drying of fresh and boiled CS. Fresh CS dried by hot air drying at 60 °C was more suitable for the industrial production.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun S, Qiu H, Ho KF, Tian L. Chemical components of respirable particulate matter associated with emergency hospital admissions for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong. Environ Int 2016; 97:93-99. [PMID: 27835752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown that short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) mass is associated with diabetes morbidity and mortality, although inconsistencies still exist. Variation of chemical components in PM may have contributed to these inconsistencies. We hypothesize that certain components of respirable particulate matter (PM10), not simply PM10 mass, can exacerbate symptoms or cause acute complications for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We used a Poisson time-series model to examine the association between 17 chemical components of PM10 and daily emergency hospital admissions for T2DM among residents aged 65years or above from January 1998 to December 2007 in Hong Kong. We estimated excess risk (ER%) for T2DM hospitalizations per interquartile range (IQR) increment in chemical component concentrations of days at lag0 through lag3, and the moving average of the same-day and previous-day (lag0-1) in single-pollutant models. To further evaluate the independent effects of chemical components on T2DM, we controlled for PM10 mass, major PM10 chemical components, and gaseous pollutants in two-pollutant models. RESULTS In the single-pollutant models, PM10 components associated with T2DM admissions include: elemental carbon, organic carbon, nitrate, and nickel. The ER% estimates per IQR increment at lag0-1 for these four components were 3.79% (1.63, 5.95), 3.74% (0.83, 6.64), 4.58% (2.17, 6.99), and 1.91% (0.43, 3.38), respectively. Risk estimates for nitrate and elemental carbon were robust to adjustment for co-pollutant concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to some PM10 chemical components such as nitrate and elemental carbon increases the risk of acute complications or exacerbation of symptoms for the T2DM patients. These findings may have potential biological and policy implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Sun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu K, Liu J, Wu Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Xiao X, Yang M. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of aquatic biomass using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour Technol 2014; 163:18-25. [PMID: 24768943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The differences in pyrolysis process of three species of aquatic biomass (microalgae, macroalgae and duckweed) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Three stages were observed during the pyrolysis process and the main decomposition stage could be divided further into three zones. The pyrolysis characteristics of various biomasses were different at each zone, which could be attributed to the differences in their components. A stepwise procedure based on iso-conversional and master-plots methods was used for the kinetic and mechanism analysis of the main decomposition stage. The calculation results based on the kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental data of weight loss, and each biomass had an increasing activation energy of 118.35-156.13 kJ/mol, 171.85-186.46 kJ/mol and 258.51-268.71 kJ/mol in zone 1, 2 and 3, respectively. This study compares the pyrolysis behavior of various aquatic biomasses and provides basis for further applications of the biomass thermochemical conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Wu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ji Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Shandong U-Force Biofuel Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong 277000, PR China.
| | - Xin Xiao
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Mingde Yang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang L, Gao X, Wang X, Nie W, Wang J, Gao R, Xu P, Shou Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Impacts of firecracker burning on aerosol chemical characteristics and human health risk levels during the Chinese New Year Celebration in Jinan, China. Sci Total Environ 2014; 476-477:57-64. [PMID: 24463025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Measurements for size distribution and chemical components (including water-soluble ions, OC/EC and trace elements) of particles were taken in Jinan, China, during the 2008 Chinese New Year (CNY) to assess the impacts of firecracker burning on aerosol chemical characteristics and human health risk levels. On the eve of the CNY, the widespread burning of firecrackers had a clear contribution to the number concentration of small accumulation mode particles (100-500 nm) and PM2.5 mass concentration, with a maximum PM2.5 concentration of 464.02 μg/m(3). The firecracker activities altered the number size distribution of particles, but had no influence on the mass size distribution of major water-soluble ions. The concentrations of aerosol and most ions peaked in the rush hour of firecracker burning, whereas the peaks of NO3(-) and NH4(+) presented on the day following the burning of firecrackers. K(+), SO4(2-) and Cl(-) composed approximately 62% of the PM2.5 mass, and they existed as KCl and K2SO4 during the firecracker period. However, during the non-firecracker period, organic matter (OM), SO4(2-), NO3(-) and NH4(+) were the major chemical components of the PM2.5, and major ions were primarily observed as (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Estimates of non-carcinogenic risk levels to human health showed that the elemental risk levels during the firecracker period were substantially higher than those observed during the non-firecracker period. The total elemental risk levels in Jinan for the three groups (aged 2-6 years, 6-12 years and ≥70 years) were higher than 2 during the firecracker period, indicating that increased pollutant levels emitted from the burning of firecrackers over short periods of time may cause non-carcinogenic human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xiaomei Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pengju Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Youping Shou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|