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Boros BV, Roman DL, Isvoran A. Evaluation of the Aquatic Toxicity of Several Triazole Fungicides. Metabolites 2024; 14:197. [PMID: 38668325 PMCID: PMC11051906 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungicides play an important role in crop protection, but they have also been shown to adversely affect non-target organisms, including those living in the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study is to combine experimental and computational approaches to evaluate the effects of flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole, tetraconazole and triticonazole on aquatic model organisms and to obtain information on the effects of these fungicides on Lemna minor, a freshwater plant, at the molecular level. The EC50 (the half-maximum effective concentration) values for the growth inhibition of Lemna minor in the presence of the investigated fungicides show that metconazole (EC50 = 0.132 mg/L) and tetraconazole (EC50 = 0.539 mg/L) are highly toxic, tebuconazole (EC50 = 1.552 mg/L), flutriafol (EC50 = 3.428 mg/L) and myclobutanil (EC50 = 9.134 mg/L) are moderately toxic, and triticonazole (EC50 = 11.631 mg/L) is slightly toxic to this plant. The results obtained with the computational tools TEST, ADMETLab2.0 and admetSAR2.0 also show that metconazole and tetraconazole are toxic to other aquatic organisms: Pimephales promelas, Daphnia magna and Tetrahymena pyriformis. A molecular docking study shows that triazole fungicides can affect photosynthesis in Lemna minor because they strongly bind to C43 (binding energies between -7.44 kcal/mol and -7.99 kcal/mol) and C47 proteins (binding energies between -7.44 kcal/mol and -8.28 kcal/mol) in the reaction center of photosystem II, inhibiting the binding of chlorophyll a to these enzymes. In addition, they can also inhibit glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme involved in the cellular detoxification of Lemna minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Vanesa Boros
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana-Larisa Roman
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
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Sliti A, Singh V, Ibal JC, Jeong M, Shin JH. Impact of propiconazole fungicide on soil microbiome (bacterial and fungal) diversity, functional profile, and associated dehydrogenase activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8240-8253. [PMID: 38175519 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides, protect crops but can harm the environment and human health when used without caution. This study evaluated the impact of propiconazole, a fungicide that acts on fungal cell membranes, on soil microbiome abundance, diversity, and functional profile, as well as soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The study conducted microcosm experiments using soil samples treated with propiconazole and employed next-generation sequencing (MiSeq) and chromatographic approaches (GC-MS/MS) to analyze the shift in microbial communities and propiconazole level, respectively. The results showed that propiconazole significantly altered the distribution of microbial communities, with notable changes in the abundance of various bacterial and fungal taxa. Among soil bacterial communities, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota increased, while that of Acidobacteria decreased after propiconazole treatment. In the fungal communities, propiconazole increased the abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the treated soil, while that of Mortierellomycota was reduced. Fungicide application further triggered a significant decrease in DHA over time. Analysis of the functional profile of bacterial communities showed that propiconazole significantly affected bacterial cellular and metabolic pathways. The carbon degradation pathway was upregulated, indicating the microbial detoxification of the contaminant in the treated soil. Our findings suggest that propiconazole application has a discernible impact on soil microbial communities, which could have long-term consequences for soil health, quality, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Sliti
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Vineet Singh
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerald Conrad Ibal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - Minsoo Jeong
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- NGS Core Facility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Morgan AM, Ogaly HA, Kamel S, Rashad MM, Hassanen EI, Ibrahim MA, Galal MK, Yassin AM, Dulmani SAA, Al-Zahrani FA, Hussien AM. Protective effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine against penconazole-triggered hepatorenal toxicity in adult rats. J Vet Res 2023; 67:459-469. [PMID: 37786839 PMCID: PMC10541664 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Penconazole (PEN) is a widely applied triazole fungicide. This study sought to define the efficacy of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) in mitigating PEN-triggered hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Material and Methods Twenty-eight adult male albino Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: a normal control (NC), a PEN group, a NAC group and a PEN+NAC group. Administration of PEN (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) every 2 days) and NAC (150 mg/kg b.w., daily) took place via oral gavage for 10 days. Results Effective amelioration by NAC of PEN-induced liver and kidney dysfunction was indicated by a significant reduction in the circulating liver and kidney markers (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea and creatinine). Attenuation of PEN-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney tissues was evident in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde and enhanced total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, NAC significantly reduced the histopathological alterations and the expression of tumour necrosis factor α in liver and kidney tissue. Furthermore, NAC maintained the messenger RNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haem oxygenase 1, and Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein 1 and prevented nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein upregulation caused by PEN. Conclusion N-acetyl-1-cysteine protected against PEN-induced hepatorenal oxidative damage and inflammatory response via activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan A. Ogaly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62421, Abha High City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Kamel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, 12211Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha M. Rashad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, 12211Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman I. Hassanen
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mona K. Galal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, 12211Giza, Egypt
| | - Aya M. Yassin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, 12211Giza, Egypt
| | - Sharah A. Al Dulmani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62421, Abha High City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A.M. Al-Zahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62421, Abha High City, Saudi Arabia
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Dascalu D, Isvoran A, Ianovici N. Predictions of the Biological Effects of Several Acyclic Monoterpenes as Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Extracted from Plants. Molecules 2023; 28:4640. [PMID: 37375196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyclic terpenes are biologically active natural products having applicability in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and other practices. Consequently, humans are exposed to these chemicals, and it is necessary to assess their pharmacokinetics profiles and possible toxicity. The present study considers a computational approach to predict both the biological and toxicological effects of nine acyclic monoterpenes: beta-myrcene, beta-ocimene, citronellal, citrolellol, citronellyl acetate, geranial, geraniol, linalool and linalyl acetate. The outcomes of the study emphasize that the investigated compounds are usually safe for humans, they do not lead to hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and endocrine disruption, and usually do not have an inhibitory potential against the cytochromes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, excepting CYP2B6. The inhibition of CYP2B6 should be further analyzed as this enzyme is involved in both the metabolism of several common drugs and in the activation of some procarcinogens. Skin and eye irritation, toxicity through respiration and skin-sensitization potential are the possible harmful effects revealed by the investigated compounds. These outcomes underline the necessity of in vivo studies regarding the pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties of acyclic monoterpenes so as to better establish the clinical relevance of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dascalu
- Department of Biology Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Ianovici
- Department of Biology Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
- Environmental Biology and Biomonitoring Research Center, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
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