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Zuber J, Lopes Cascabulho P, Gemini Piperni S, Farias Corrêa do Amaral RJ, Vogt C, Carre V, Hertzog J, Kontturi E, Trubetskaya A. Fast, Easy, and Reproducible Fingerprint Methods for Endotoxin Characterization in Nanocellulose and Alginate-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39262301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose- and alginate-based hydrogels have been suggested as potential wound-healing materials, but their utilization is limited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements regarding endotoxin levels. Cytotoxicity and the presence of endotoxin were assessed after gel sterilization using an autoclave and UV treatment. A new fingerprinting method was developed to characterize the compounds detected in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)- and cellulose-nanofiber (CNF)-based hydrogels using both positive- and negative-ion mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (ESI FT-ICR MS). These biobased hydrogels were used as scaffolds for the cultivation and growth of human dermal fibroblasts to test their biocompatibility. A resazurin-based assay was preferred over all other biocompatibility methodologies since it allowed for the evaluation of viability over time in the same sample without causing cell lysis. The CNF dispersion of 6 EU mL-1 was slightly above the limits, and it did not affect the cell viability, whereas CNC hydrogels induced a reduction of metabolic activity by the fibroblasts. The chemical structure of the detected endotoxins did not contain phosphates, but it encompassed hydrophobic sulfonate groups, requiring the development of new high-pressure sterilization methods for the use of cellulose hydrogels in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zuber
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, TU Freiberg, Leipziger Street 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Paula Lopes Cascabulho
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-853 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biomineralization, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Gemini Piperni
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Nanostructured Biomaterials, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo José Farias Corrêa do Amaral
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-853 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biomineralization, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Vogt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, TU Freiberg, Leipziger Street 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Carre
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Trubetskaya
- Department of Biosciences, Nord University, Kongensgate 42, 7713 Steinkjer, Norway
- Department of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
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2
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Palacio Lozano DC, Lester DW, Town JS, McKenna AM, Wills M. Assessment of Accelerated Aging Effect of Bio-Oil Fractions Utilizing Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and k-Means Clustering of van Krevelen Compositional Space. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:16473-16489. [PMID: 39257465 PMCID: PMC11382156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Bio-oils contain a substantial number of highly oxygenated hydrocarbons, which often exhibit low thermal stability during storage, handling, and refining. The primary objectives of this study are to characterize the hydroxyl group in bio-oil fractions and to investigate the relationship between the type of hydroxyl group and accelerated aging behavior. A bio-oil was fractionated into five solubility-based fractions, classified in two main groups: water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. These fractions were then subjected to chemoselective reactions to tag molecules containing hydroxyl groups and analyzed by negative-ion electrospray ionization 21 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The fractions were also subjected to accelerated aging experiments and characterized by FT-ICR MS and bulk viscosity measurements. Extracting insightful information from ultrahigh-resolution data to aid in predicting upgrading methodologies and instability behaviors of bio-oils is challenging due to the complexity of the data. To address this, an unsupervised learning technique, k-means clustering analysis, was used to semiquantify molecular compositions with a close Euclidean distance within the (O/C, H/C) chemical space. The combination of k-means analysis with findings from chemoselective reactions allowed the distinctive hydroxyl functionalities across the samples to be inferred. Our results indicate that the hexane-soluble fraction contained numerous molecules containing primary and secondary alcohols, while the water-soluble fraction displayed diverse groups of oxygenated compounds, clustered near to carbohydrate-like and pyrolytic humin-like materials. Despite its high oxygen content, the water-soluble fraction showed minimal changes in viscosity during aging. In contrast, a significant increase in viscosity was observed in the water-insoluble materials, specifically, the low- and high-molecular-weight lignin fractions (LMWL and HMWL, respectively). Among these two fractions, the HMWL exhibited the highest increase in viscosity after only 4 h of accelerated aging. Our results indicate that this aging behavior is attributed to an increased number of molecular compositions containing phenolic groups. Thus, the chemical compositions within the HMWL are the major contributors to the viscosity changes in the bio-oil under accelerated aging conditions. This highlights the crucial role of oxygen functionality in bio-oil aging, suggesting that a high oxygen content alone does not necessarily correlate with an increase of viscosity. Unlike other bio-oil categorization methods based on constrained molecule locations within the van Krevelen compositional space, k-means clustering can identify patterns within ultrahigh-resolution data inherent to the unique chemical fingerprint of each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - J S Town
- Polymer Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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3
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Wootton CA, Maillard J, Theisen A, Brabeck GF, Schat CL, Rüger CP, Afonso C, Giusti P. A Gated TIMS FTICR MS Instrument to Decipher Isomeric Content of Complex Organic Mixtures. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11343-11352. [PMID: 38973712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Modern research faces increasingly complex materials with a constant need for new analytical strategies that can provide deeper levels of chemical insight. Ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (MS), particularly Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS, has provided a robust analytical foundation. However, MS alone offers limited structural information. Here, we present the first implementation and results from an FTICR MS with fully integrated dual accumulation analysis with gated trapped ion mobility spectrometry (gTIMS) capability. The drastically extended charge capacity and parallel accumulation facilitate the analysis of complex mixtures. We achieved a high dynamic range of 4 orders of magnitude within a single FTICR acquisition event. Simultaneously, the valuable linear relationship between the TIMS elution voltage and reduced mobility was retained over a wide mobility range. Benchmarking the instrument performance with Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) by variable ramp gTIMS analysis allowed separation and unambiguous assignment of different charge state distributions. Application to bio-oils has proven the capability to distinguish the isomeric diversity in these ultracomplex samples, while maintaining the expected FTICR MS resolving power and mass accuracy. Valuable information about the molecular distribution, isomeric diversity, and main molecular differences could directly be extracted within the analysis time of a classical "dilute and shoot" direct infusion experiment. The development of this fully integrated and flexible gTIMS with FTICR MS analysis possesses the potential to significantly change the current landscape of high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of complex mixtures through the added insight of isomeric complexity afforded by TIMS. The exploration of the added IMS dimension promises transformative effects across diverse fields including energy transition, environmental studies, and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Maillard
- TotalEnergies One Tech, R&D, Downstream Processes & Polymers, TotalEnergies Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory, iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Alina Theisen
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. Kg, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher P Rüger
- International Joint Laboratory, iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- International Joint Laboratory, iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TotalEnergies One Tech, R&D, Downstream Processes & Polymers, TotalEnergies Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory, iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, 76000 Rouen, France
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Silva WR, Santos RM, Wisniewski A. Continuous rotary kiln pyrolysis of cassava plant shoot system and wide speciation of oxygenated and nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oil by HESI and APPI-Orbitrap MS. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 404:130915. [PMID: 38823561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This work proposes the pyrolysis of the cassava plant shoot system biomass and a comprehensive chemical characterization of the resulting bio-oil. The highest yields of liquid products were obtained at 600 °C, with 12.6 % bio-oil (organic fraction), which presented the lowest total acid number of 65.7 mg KOH g-1. The bio-oil produced at 500 °C exhibited the highest total phenolic content of approximately 41 % GAE, confirmed by GC/MS analysis (33.8 % of the total area). FT-Orbitrap MS analysis found hundreds of oxygenated constituents in the bio-oils, belonging to the O2-7 classes, as well as nitrogen compounds from the Ny and OxNy classes. Higher pyrolysis temperatures resulted in more oxygenated phenolics (O4-7) undergoing secondary degradation and deoxygenation reactions, generating O2-3 compounds. Additional classes affected were O3-5N2-3, while O1-2N1 presented more stable compounds. These findings show that cassava bio-oils are promising sources of renewable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenes Ramos Silva
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão SE, 49107-230, Brazil
| | - Roberta Menezes Santos
- Center of Multi-User Chemistry Laboratories, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão SE, 49107-230, Brazil
| | - Alberto Wisniewski
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão SE, 49107-230, Brazil.
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Dütsch L, Sander K, Brendler E, Bremer M, Fischer S, Vogt C, Zuber J. Chemometric Combination of Ultrahigh Resolving Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for a Structural Characterization of Lignin Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:628-641. [PMID: 38222598 PMCID: PMC10785065 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the potential of lignins as a resource for material-based applications has been highlighted in many scientific and nonscientific publications. But still, to date, a lack of detailed structural knowledge about this ultracomplex biopolymer undermines its great potential. The chemical complexity of lignin demands a combination of different, powerful analytical methods, in order to obtain these necessary information. In this paper, we demonstrate a multispectroscopic approach using liquid-state and solid-state Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize a fractionated LignoBoost lignin. Individual FT-ICR-MS, tandem MS, and NMR results helped to determine relevant information about the different lignin fractions, such as molecular weight distributions, oligomer sizes, linkage types, and presence of specific functional groups. In addition, a hetero spectroscopic correlation approach was applied to chemometrically combine MS, MS/MS, and NMR data sets. From these correlation analyses, it became obvious that a combination of tandem MS and NMR data sets gives the opportunity to comprehensively study and describe the general structure of complex biopolymer samples. Compound-specific structural information are obtainable, if this correlation approach is extended to 1D-MS and NMR data, as specific functional groups or linkages are verifiable for a defined molecular formula. This enables structural characterization of individual lignin compounds without the necessity for tandem MS experiments. Hence, these correlation results significantly improve the depth of information of each individual analysis and will hopefully help to structurally elucidate entire lignin structures in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dütsch
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Klara Sander
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Martina Bremer
- Institute
of Plant and Wood Chemistry, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute
of Plant and Wood Chemistry, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Carla Vogt
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Jan Zuber
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
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6
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Palacio Lozano DC, Jones HE, Barrow MP, Wills M. Chemoselective derivatisation and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of hydroxyl functional groups within complex bio-oils. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17727-17741. [PMID: 37312997 PMCID: PMC10259504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-oils are a renewable alternative resource for the production of fine chemicals and fuels. Bio-oils are characterised by a high content of oxygenated compounds with a diverse array of different chemical functionalities. Here, we performed a chemical reaction to transform the hydroxyl group of the various components in a bio-oil prior to characterisation with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). The derivatisations were first evaluated using twenty lignin-representative standards with different structural features. Our results indicate a highly chemoselective transformation of the hydroxyl group despite the presence of other functional groups. Mono- and di-acetate products were observed in acetone-acetic anhydride (acetone-Ac2O) mixtures for non-sterically hindered phenols, catechols and benzene diols. Dimethyl sulfoxide-Ac2O (DMSO-Ac2O) reactions favoured the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols and the formation of methylthiomethyl (MTM) products of phenols. The derivatisations were then performed in a complex bio-oil sample to gain insights into the hydroxyl group profile of the bio-oil. Our results indicate that the bio-oil before derivatisation is composed of 4500 elemental compositions containing 1-12 oxygen atoms. After the derivatisation in DMSO-Ac2O mixtures, the total number of compositions increased approximately five-fold. The reaction was indicative of the variety of hydroxyl group profiles within the sample in particular the presence of phenols that were ortho and para substituted, non-hindered phenols (about 34%), aromatic alcohols (including benzylic and other non-phenolic alcohols) (25%), and aliphatic alcohols (6.3%) could be inferred. Phenolic compositions are known as coke precursors in catalytic pyrolysis and upgrading processes. Thus, the combination of chemoselective derivatisations in conjunction with UHRMS can be a valuable resource to outline the hydroxyl group profile in elemental chemical compositions in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugh E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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7
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Milosavljević D, Maksimović V, Milivojević J, Djekić I, Wolf B, Zuber J, Vogt C, Dragišić Maksimović J. Sugars and Organic Acids in 25 Strawberry Cultivars: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2238. [PMID: 37375864 PMCID: PMC10305725 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) The nutritional quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) fruits, among others, is largely maintained by the presence of soluble sugars and organic acids. As the primary products of photosynthesis, they are energy depots in plants, necessary for the construction of cell constituents, but also serve as precursors of aromatic compounds and signaling molecules. (2) In this study, fruits of 25 strawberry cultivars were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized concerning individual sugars and organic acids by HPLC, FT-ICR-MS, and MS imaging analysis. In addition, the total quality index (TQI), as a novel mathematical model, was used to compare all individual parameters evaluated to obtain a quantitative single score, as an indicator of overall fruit quality. (3) Regardless of a large number of cultivars and monitored parameters that were studded, several cultivars stood out in terms of selected primary metabolites, such as 'Rumba', 'Jeny', and 'Sandra', while the latter had the best TQI score. (4) Intercultivar variations in sugars and organic acids profiles, along with other bioactive compounds, should be considered for selection of promising cultivars with improved naturally occurring nutraceutical traits. Besides the search for a pleasant taste, increased awareness of healthy nutrition resulted in heightening consumer demand for high-quality fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Milosavljević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.M.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Vuk Maksimović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.M.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jasminka Milivojević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.M.); (I.D.)
| | - Ilija Djekić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.M.); (I.D.)
| | - Bianca Wolf
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (B.W.); (J.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Jan Zuber
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (B.W.); (J.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Carla Vogt
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (B.W.); (J.Z.); (C.V.)
| | - Jelena Dragišić Maksimović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.M.); (J.D.M.)
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