1
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Kilpinen AT, Nieminen K, Kontturi E. Pretreatment to Retrieve Xylose and Xylooligosaccharides by HCl Gas Directly from Biomass. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:2135-2138. [PMID: 38362532 PMCID: PMC10865440 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas was employed to selectively hydrolyze hemicellulose from aspen wood flour utilizing a gas-solid system. Selectivity toward hemicellulose was achieved by adjusting the acid concentration inside wood flour to 36% during gas hydrolysis, so only hemicellulose and disordered cellulose would be degraded during hydrolysis. Process parameters included the moisture content of the aspen wood flour (20%, 40%, and 60%) and reaction times from 30 min to 24 h. The optimal reaction conditions for the production of xylose and xylooligosaccharides was achieved with 40% moisture content and 6 h reaction time. Under these parameters, it was possible to retrieve 84% of the available xylan from aspen wood flour with only 1% glucan degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Topias Kilpinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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2
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Baniasadi H, Abidnejad R, Fazeli M, Lipponen J, Niskanen J, Kontturi E, Seppälä J, Rojas OJ. Innovations in hydrogel-based manufacturing: A comprehensive review of direct ink writing technique for biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103095. [PMID: 38301316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) stands as a pioneering additive manufacturing technique that holds transformative potential in the field of hydrogel fabrication. This innovative approach allows for the precise deposition of hydrogel inks layer by layer, creating complex three-dimensional structures with tailored shapes, sizes, and functionalities. By harnessing the versatility of hydrogels, DIW opens up possibilities for applications spanning from tissue engineering to soft robotics and wearable devices. This comprehensive review investigates DIW as applied to hydrogels and its multifaceted applications. The paper introduces a diverse range of printing techniques while providing a thorough exploration of DIW for hydrogel-based printing. The investigation aims to explain the progress made, challenges faced, and potential trajectories that lie ahead for DIW in hydrogel-based manufacturing. The fundamental principles underlying DIW are carefully examined, specifically focusing on rheological attributes and printing parameters, prompting a comprehensive survey of the wide variety of hydrogel materials. These encompass both natural and synthetic variations, all of which can be effectively harnessed for this purpose. Furthermore, the review explores the latest applications of DIW for hydrogels in biomedical areas, with a primary focus on tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery systems. The document not only consolidates the existing state of DIW within the context of hydrogel-based manufacturing but also charts potential avenues for further research and innovative breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Roozbeh Abidnejad
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mahyar Fazeli
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Juha Lipponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Niskanen
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Kontturi KS, Solhi L, Kontturi E, Tammelin T. Adsorption of Polystyrene from Theta Condition on Cellulose and Silica Studied by Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Langmuir 2024; 40:568-579. [PMID: 38110337 PMCID: PMC10786068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of hydrophobic polymers from a nonpolar solvent medium is an underutilized tool for modification of surfaces, especially of soft matter. Adsorption of polystyrene (PS) from a theta solvent (50/50 vol % toluene/heptane) on ultrathin model films of cellulose was studied with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), using three different PS grades with monodisperse molecular weights (Mws). Comparison of cellulose to silica as an adsorbent was presented. Adsorption on both surfaces was mainly irreversible under the studied conditions. Characteristically to polymer monolayer formation, the mass of the adsorbing polymer increased with its Mw. The initial step of the layer formation was similar on both surfaces, but silica showed a stronger tendency for the formation of a loosely bound overlayer upon molecular rearrangements as the adsorption process proceeded. Despite the slightly less extended layers formed on cellulose at increasing Mw values, the overall thickness of the adsorbing wet layers on both surfaces was of the similar order of magnitude as the radius of gyration of the adsorbate molecule. Decent degree of hydrophobization of cellulose could be reached with all studied PS grades when the time allowed for adsorption was sufficient. QCM-D, a method conventionally utilized for studying aqueous systems, turned out to be a suitable tool for studying the adsorption process of hydrophobic polymers on soft polymeric matter such as cellulose taking place in a nonpolar solvent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri S. Kontturi
- Biomass
Processing and Products, VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Laleh Solhi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- Biomass
Processing and Products, VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
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4
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Mihhels K, Yousefi N, Blomster J, Solala I, Solhi L, Kontturi E. Assessment of the Alga Cladophora glomerata as a Source for Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4672-4679. [PMID: 37729475 PMCID: PMC10646933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is isolated from cellulosic fibers and exhibits many properties that macroscale cellulose lacks. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a subcategory of nanocellulose made of stiff, rodlike, and highly crystalline nanoparticles. Algae of the order Cladophorales are the source of the longest cellulosic nanocrystals, but manufacturing these CNCs is not well-studied. So far, most publications have focused on the applications of this material, with the basic manufacturing parameters and material properties receiving little attention. In this article, we investigate the entirety of the current manufacturing process from raw algal biomass (Cladophora glomerata) to the isolation of algal cellulose nanocrystals. Yields and cellulose purities are investigated for algal cellulose and the relevant process intermediates. Furthermore, the effect of sulfuric acid hydrolysis, which is used to convert cellulose into CNCs and ultimately determines the material properties and some of the sustainability aspects, is examined and compared to literature results on wood cellulose nanocrystals. Long (>4 μm) CNCs form a small fraction of the overall number of CNCs but are still present in measurable amounts. The results define essential material properties for algal CNCs, simplifying their future use in functional cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Mihhels
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-University,
School of Chemical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Neptun Yousefi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-University,
School of Chemical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaanika Blomster
- Ecosystems
and Environment Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-University,
School of Chemical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Laleh Solhi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-University,
School of Chemical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto-University,
School of Chemical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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5
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Kilpinen AT, Pääkkönen T, Nieminen K, Kontturi E. Production of Water-Soluble Carbohydrates from Aspen Wood Flour with Hydrogen Chloride Gas. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:16922-16930. [PMID: 37869419 PMCID: PMC10588446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the reaction conditions for concentrated acid hydrolysis of aspen wood flour by employing anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas to produce fermentable sugars. Gas hydrolysis with HCl was conducted both with and without temperature control during hydrolysis under a relatively low pressure of 0.1 MPa. Process parameters for HCl gas hydrolysis included the moisture content of aspen wood flour (0.7-50%) and reaction time under pressure (30 min to 24 h). In addition, liquid-phase hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid was conducted in concentrations of 32-42% and 15 min to 24 h reaction times for comparison with the gas-phase process. The highest yields (>90%) for water-soluble carbohydrates from aspen wood flour were achieved with temperature-controlled gas hydrolysis using 50% moisture content and 2 h total reaction time, which is in line with the previous research and comparable to hydrolysis with concentrated (42%) hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Topias Kilpinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Nordic
Bioproducts Group Oy, Tietotie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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6
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Tao H, Rigoni C, Li H, Koistinen A, Timonen JVI, Zhou J, Kontturi E, Rojas OJ, Chu G. Publisher Correction: Thermodynamically controlled multiphase separation of heterogeneous liquid crystal colloids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5538. [PMID: 37684249 PMCID: PMC10491577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland
| | - Carlo Rigoni
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Antti Koistinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Guang Chu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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7
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Tao H, Rigoni C, Li H, Koistinen A, Timonen JVI, Zhou J, Kontturi E, Rojas OJ, Chu G. Thermodynamically controlled multiphase separation of heterogeneous liquid crystal colloids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5277. [PMID: 37644027 PMCID: PMC10465492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase separation is a universal physical transition process whereby a homogeneous mixture splits into two distinct compartments that are driven by the component activity, elasticity, or compositions. In the current work, we develop a series of heterogeneous colloidal suspensions that exhibit both liquid-liquid phase separation of semiflexible binary polymers and liquid crystal phase separation of rigid, rod-like nanocellulose particles. The phase behavior of the multicomponent mixture is controlled by the trade-off between thermodynamics and kinetics during the two transition processes, displaying cholesteric self-assembly of nanocellulose within or across the compartmented aqueous phases. Upon thermodynamic control, two-, three-, and four-phase coexistence behaviors with rich liquid crystal stackings are realized. Among which, each relevant multiphase separation kinetics shows fundamentally different paths governed by nucleation and growth of polymer droplets and nanocellulose tactoids. Furthermore, a coupled multiphase transition can be realized by tuning the composition and the equilibrium temperature, which results in thermotropic behavior of polymers within a lyotropic liquid crystal matrix. Finally, upon drying, the multicomponent mixture undergoes a hierarchical self-assembly of nanocellulose and polymers into stratified cholesteric films, exhibiting compartmentalized polymer distribution and anisotropic microporous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland
| | - Carlo Rigoni
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Antti Koistinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Guang Chu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02510, Espoo, Finland.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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8
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Kröger M, Badara O, Pääkkönen T, Schlapp-Hackl I, Hietala S, Kontturi E. Efficient Isolation Method for Highly Charged Phosphorylated Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1318-1328. [PMID: 36749901 PMCID: PMC10015457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has remained a marginal activity despite the undisputed application potential in flame-retardant materials, sustainable high-capacity ion-exchange materials, or substrates for biomineralization among others. This is largely due to strenuous extraction methods prone to a combination of poor reproducibility, low degrees of substitution, disappointing yields, and impractical reaction sequences. Here, we demonstrate an improved methodology relying on the modification routines for phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers and hydrolysis by gaseous HCl to isolate CNCs. This allows us to overcome the aforementioned shortcomings and to reliably and reproducibly extract phosphorylated CNCs with exceptionally high surface charge (∼2000 mmol/kg) in a straightforward routine that minimizes water consumption and maximizes yields. The CNCs were characterized by NMR, ζpotential, conductometric titration, thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kröger
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Olamide Badara
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PB 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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9
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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10
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Wang Y, Pääkkönen T, Miikki K, Maina NH, Nieminen K, Zitting A, Penttilä P, Tao H, Kontturi E. Degradation of cellulose polymorphs into glucose by HCl gas with simultaneous suppression of oxidative discoloration. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120388. [PMID: 36604066 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As cellulose is the main polysaccharide in biomass, its degradation into glucose is a major undertaking in research concerning biofuels and bio-based platform chemicals. Here, we show that pressurized HCl gas is able to efficiently hydrolyze fibers of different crystalline forms (polymorphs) of cellulose when the water content of the fibers is increased to 30-50 wt%. Simultaneously, the harmful formation of strongly chromophoric humins can be suppressed by a simple addition of chlorite into the reaction system. 50-70 % glucose yields were obtained from cellulose I and II polymorphs while >90 % monosaccharide conversion was acquired from cellulose IIIII after a mild post-hydrolysis step. Purification of the products is relatively unproblematic from a gas-solid mixture, and a gaseous catalyst is easier to recycle than the aqueous counterpart. The results lay down a basis for future practical solutions in cellulose hydrolysis where side reactions are controlled, conversion rates are efficient, and the recovery of products and reagents is effortless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Kim Miikki
- School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ndegwa H Maina
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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11
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Liu Q, Shaukat A, Meng Z, Nummelin S, Tammelin T, Kontturi E, de Vries R, Kostiainen MA. Engineered Protein Copolymers for Heparin Neutralization and Detection. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1014-1021. [PMID: 36598935 PMCID: PMC9930113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a widely applied anticoagulant agent. However, in clinical practice, it is of vital importance to reverse its anticoagulant effect to restore the blood-clotting cascade and circumvent side effects. Inspired by protein cages that can encapsulate and protect their cargo from surroundings, we utilize three designed protein copolymers to sequester heparin into inert nanoparticles. In our design, a silk-like sequence provides cooperativity between proteins, generating a multivalency effect that enhances the heparin-binding ability. Protein copolymers complex heparin into well-defined nanoparticles with diameters below 200 nm. We also develop a competitive fluorescent switch-on assay for heparin detection, with a detection limit of 0.01 IU mL-1 in plasma that is significantly below the therapeutic range (0.2-8 IU mL-1). Moreover, moderate cytocompatibility is demonstrated by in vitro cell studies. Therefore, such engineered protein copolymers present a promising alternative for neutralizing and sensing heparin, but further optimization is required for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIUCAS), Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIUCAS), Wenzhou325001, China.,Materials Chemistry of Cellulose, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, EspooFI-02044, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Materials Chemistry of Cellulose, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto00076, Finland
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12
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Guccini V, Yu S, Meng Z, Kontturi E, Demmel F, Salazar-Alvarez G. The Impact of Surface Charges of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Water Motions in Hydrated Films. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3104-3115. [PMID: 35786867 PMCID: PMC9364319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with carboxylated surface ligands are a class of materials with tunable surface functionality, good mechanical properties, and bio-/environmental friendliness. They have been used in many applications as scaffold, reinforcing, or functional materials, where the interaction between adsorbed moisture and the CNF could lead to different properties and structures and become critical to the performance of the materials. In this work, we exploited multiple experimental methods to study the water movement in hydrated films made of carboxylated CNFs prepared by TEMPO oxidation with two different surface charges of 600 and 1550 μmol·g-1. A combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) shows that both the surface charge of a single fibril and the films' network structure contribute to the moisture uptake. The films with 1550 μmol·g-1 surface charges take up twice the amount of moisture per unit mass, leading to the formation of nanostructures with an average radius of gyration of 2.1 nm. Via the nondestructive quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), a faster motion is explained as a localized movement of water molecules inside confined spheres, and a slow diffusive motion is found with the diffusion coefficient close to bulk water at room temperature via a random jump diffusion model and regardless of the surface charge in films made from CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guccini
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden.,Smart Materials, Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, Stockholm 114 86, Sweden
| | - Zhoujun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Franz Demmel
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QZ, UK
| | - Germán Salazar-Alvarez
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.,Center for Neutron Scattering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden
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13
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Völkel L, Beaumont M, Johansson LS, Czibula C, Rusakov D, Mautner A, Teichert C, Kontturi E, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Assessing Fire-Damage in Historical Papers and Alleviating Damage with Soft Cellulose Nanofibers. Small 2022; 18:e2105420. [PMID: 35119202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The conservation of historical paper objects with high cultural value is an important societal task. Papers that have been severely damaged by fire, heat, and extinguishing water, are a particularly challenging case, because of the complexity and severity of damage patterns. In-depth analysis of fire-damaged papers, by means of examples from the catastrophic fire in a 17th-century German library, shows the changes, which proceeded from the margin to the center, to go beyond surface charring and formation of hydrophobic carbon-rich layers. The charred paper exhibits structural changes in the nano- and micro-range, with increased porosity and water sorption. In less charred areas, cellulose is affected by both chain cleavage and cross-linking. Based on these results and conclusions with regard to adhesion of auxiliaries, a stabilization method is developed, which coats the damaged paper with a thin layer of cellulose nanofibers. It enables the reliable preservation of the paper and-most importantly-retrieval of the contained historical information: the nanofibers form a flexible, transparent film on the surface and adhere strongly to the damaged matrix, greatly reducing its fragility, giving it stability, and enabling digitization and further handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Völkel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
- Department of Conservation and Special Collections, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek / Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Platz der Demokratie 1, 99423, Weimar, Germany
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Caterina Czibula
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, Leoben, 8700, Austria
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 3, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Dmitrii Rusakov
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Department of Materials Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Teichert
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
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14
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Lourençon T, Altgen M, Pääkkönen T, Guccini V, Penttilä P, Kontturi E, Rautkari L. Effect of Moisture on Polymer Deconstruction in HCl Gas Hydrolysis of Wood. ACS Omega 2022; 7:7074-7083. [PMID: 35252698 PMCID: PMC8892909 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The HCl gas system previously used to produce cellulose nanocrystals was applied on Scots pine wood, aiming at a controlled deconstruction of its macrostructure while understanding the effect on its microstructure. The HCl gas treatments resulted in a well-preserved cellular structure of the wood. Differences in wood initial moisture content (iMC) prior to HCl gas treatment played a key role in hydrolysis rather than the studied range of exposure time to the acidic gas. Higher iMCs were correlated with a higher degradation of hemicellulose, while crystalline cellulose microfibrils were not largely affected by the treatments. Remarkably, the hydrogen-deuterium exchange technique showed an increase in accessible OH group concentration at higher iMCs, despite the additional loss in hemicelluloses. Unrelated to changes in the accessible OH group concentration, the HCl gas treatment reduced the concentration of absorbed D2O molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainise Lourençon
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Altgen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Department
of Biology, Institute of Wood Science, Universität
Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße
91c, DE-21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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15
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Reishofer D, Resel R, Sattelkow J, Fischer WJ, Niegelhell K, Mohan T, Kleinschek KS, Amenitsch H, Plank H, Tammelin T, Kontturi E, Spirk S. Humidity Response of Cellulose Thin Films. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1148-1157. [PMID: 35225593 PMCID: PMC8924868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cellulose–water
interactions are crucial to understand biological
processes as well as to develop tailor made cellulose-based products.
However, the main challenge to study these interactions is the diversity
of natural cellulose fibers and alterations in their supramolecular
structure. Here, we study the humidity response of different, well-defined,
ultrathin cellulose films as a function of industrially relevant treatments
using different techniques. As treatments, drying at elevated temperature,
swelling, and swelling followed by drying at elevated temperatures
were chosen. The cellulose films were prepared by spin coating a soluble
cellulose derivative, trimethylsilyl cellulose, onto solid substrates
followed by conversion to cellulose by HCl vapor. For the highest
investigated humidity levels (97%), the layer thickness increased
by ca. 40% corresponding to the incorporation of 3.6 molecules of
water per anhydroglucose unit (AGU), independent of the cellulose
source used. The aforementioned treatments affected this ratio significantly
with drying being the most notable procedure (2.0 and 2.6 molecules
per AGU). The alterations were investigated in real time with X-ray
reflectivity and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, equipped
with a humidity module to obtain information about changes in the
thickness, roughness, and electron density of the films and qualitatively
confirmed using grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering measurements
using synchrotron irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reishofer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jürgen Sattelkow
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Fischer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Katrin Niegelhell
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Karin Stana Kleinschek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- High Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, Graz 8010, Austria
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16
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Guccini V, Phiri J, Trifol J, Rissanen V, Mousavi SM, Vapaavuori J, Tammelin T, Maloney T, Kontturi E. Tuning the Porosity, Water Interaction, and Redispersion of Nanocellulose Hydrogels by Osmotic Dehydration. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2022; 4:24-28. [PMID: 35072077 PMCID: PMC8765005 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic dehydration (OD) was introduced as a method to reproducibly tune the water content and porosity of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) hydrogels. The hierarchical porosity was followed by electron microscopy (pores with a >100 μm diameter) and thermoporosimetry (mesopores), together with mechanical testing, in hydrogels with solid contents ranging from 0.7 to 12 wt %. Furthermore, a reciprocal correlation between proton conductivity and the ratio of water bound to the nanocellulose network was established, suggesting the potential of these systems toward tunable energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guccini
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Josphat Phiri
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jon Trifol
- Department
of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Rissanen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Seyede Maryam Mousavi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Kemistintie
1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Kemistintie
1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Thaddeus Maloney
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Finland
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17
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Gestranius M, Kontturi KS, Mikkelson A, Virtanen T, Schirp C, Cranston ED, Kontturi E, Tammelin T. Creaming Layers of Nanocellulose Stabilized Water-Based Polystyrene: High-Solids Emulsions for 3D Printing. Front Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.738643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized using cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) form extremely stable and high-volume creaming layers which do not coalesce over extended periods of time. The stability is a result of the synergistic action of Pickering stabilization and the formation of a CNF percolation network in the continuous phase. The use of methyl cellulose (MC) as a co-emulsifier together with CNF further increases the viscosity of the system and is known to affect the droplet size distribution of the formed emulsion. Here, we utilize these highly stable creaming layer systems for in situ polymerization of styrene with the aim to prepare an emulsion-based dope for additive manufacturing. We show that the approach exploiting the creaming layer enables the effortless water removal yielding a paste-like material consisting of polystyrene beads decorated with CNF and MC. Further, we report comprehensive characterization that reveals the properties and the performance of the creaming layer. Solid-state NMR measurements confirmed the successful polymerization taking place inside the nanocellulosic network, and size exclusion chromatography revealed average molecular weight (Mw) of polystyrene as approximately 700,000 Da. Moreover, the amount of the leftover monomer was found to be less than 1% as detected by gas chromatography. The dry solids content of the paste was ∼20% which is a significant increase compared to the solids content of the original CNF dispersion (1.7 wt%). The shrinkage of the CNF, MC and polystyrene structures upon drying—an often-faced challenge—was found to be acceptable for this composite containing highly hygroscopic biobased materials. At best, the two dimensional shrinkage was no more than ca. 20% which is significantly lower than the shrinkage of pure CNF being as high as 50%. The paste, which is a composite of biobased materials and a synthetic polymer, was demonstrated in direct-ink-writing to print small objects. With further optimization of the formulation, we find the emulsion templating approach as a promising route to prepare composite materials.
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18
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Xu W, Mihhels K, Kotov N, Lepikko S, Ras RHA, Johnson CM, Pettersson T, Kontturi E. Solid-state polymer adsorption for surface modification: The role of molecular weight. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:441-450. [PMID: 34333417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Solid-state polymer adsorption offers a distinct approach for surface modification. These ultrathin, so-called Guiselin layers can easily be obtained by placing a polymer melt in contact with an interface, followed by a removal of the non-adsorbed layer with a good solvent. While the mechanism of formation has been well established for Guiselin layers, their stability, crucial from the perspective of materials applications, is not. The stability is a trade-off in the entropic penalty between cooperative detachment of the number of segments directly adsorbed on the substrate and consecutively pinned monomers. EXPERIMENTS Experimental model systems of Guiselin layers of polystyrene (PS) on silicon wafers with native oxide layer on top were employed. The stability of the adsorbed layers was studied as a function of PS molecular weight and polydispersibility by various microscopic and spectroscopic tools as well as quasi-static contact angle measurements. FINDINGS Adsorbed layers from low molecular weight PS were disrupted with typical spinodal decomposition patterns whereas high molecular weight (>500 kDa) PS resulted in stable, continuous layers. Moreover, we show that Guiselin layers offer an enticing way to modify a surface, as demonstrated by adsorbed PS that imparts a hydrophobic character to initially hydrophilic silicon wafers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nikolay Kotov
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sakari Lepikko
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - C Magnus Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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19
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Niinivaara E, Vanderfleet OM, Kontturi E, Cranston ED. Tuning the Physicochemical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals through an In Situ Oligosaccharide Surface Modification Method. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3284-3296. [PMID: 34260208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The trend to replace petroleum-based products with sustainable alternatives has shifted research efforts toward plant-based materials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs show promise in numerous applications (e.g., composites and rheological modifiers); however, maximizing their performance often requires surface modifications with complex chemistries and purification steps. Presented here is a novel surface modification method with the potential to tune CNC properties through the in situ deposition of cellulose phosphate oligosaccharides during CNC production. This was achieved by leveraging the selective solubility of oligosaccharides, which are soluble at a low pH (during the CNC hydrolysis) yet become insoluble and precipitate onto CNC surfaces upon increasing pH during quenching. Oligosaccharide-coated CNCs demonstrated subtle changes including higher surface charge densities and lower water adsorption capacities and viscosities than their unmodified counterparts. CNC surface coverage was tuned by controlling the oligosaccharide degree of polymerization. Overall, this fundamental study introduces an easily scalable modification route that opens the door for expanded CNC functionality and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Oriana M Vanderfleet
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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20
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Delepierre G, Heise K, Malinen K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Cranston ED, Kilpeläinen I, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E, Weder C, Zoppe JO, King AWT. Challenges in Synthesis and Analysis of Asymmetrically Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2702-2717. [PMID: 34060815 PMCID: PMC8382247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are isolated from cellulose microfibrils, the parallel arrangement of the cellulose chains in the crystalline domains is retained so that all reducing end-groups (REGs) point to one crystallite end. This permits the selective chemical modification of one end of the CNCs. In this study, two reaction pathways are compared to selectively attach atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators to the REGs of CNCs, using reductive amination. This modification further enabled the site-specific grafting of the anionic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) from the CNCs. Different analytical methods, including colorimetry and solution-state NMR analysis, were combined to confirm the REG-modification with ATRP-initiators and PSS. The achieved grafting yield was low due to either a limited conversion of the CNC REGs or side reactions on the polymerization initiator during the reductive amination. The end-tethered CNCs were easy to redisperse in water after freeze-drying, and the shear birefringence of colloidal suspensions is maintained after this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Kiia Malinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Wood Science, The University of British
Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin O. Zoppe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Solala I, Driemeier C, Mautner A, Penttilä PA, Seitsonen J, Leppänen M, Mihhels K, Kontturi E. Directed Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Their Native Solid-State Template of a Processed Fiber Cell Wall. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100092. [PMID: 33955068 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle assembly is intensely surveyed because of the numerous applications within fields such as catalysis, batteries, and biomedicine. Here, directed assembly of rod-like, biologically derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) within the template of a processed cotton fiber cell wall, that is, the native origin of CNCs, is reported. It is a system where the assembly takes place in solid state simultaneously with the top-down formation of the CNCs via hydrolysis with HCl vapor. Upon hydrolysis, cellulose microfibrils in the fiber break down to CNCs that then pack together, resulting in reduced pore size distribution of the original fiber. The denser packing is demonstrated by N2 adsorption, water uptake, thermoporometry, and small-angle X-ray scattering, and hypothetically assigned to attractive van der Waals interactions between the CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O.Box 16300, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 42, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Paavo A Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O.Box 16300, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland.,Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs - CS 20156, Grenoble, F-38042, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Centre, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Miika Leppänen
- Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O.Box 16300, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O.Box 16300, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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22
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Spiliopoulos P, Spirk S, Pääkkönen T, Viljanen M, Svedström K, Pitkänen L, Awais M, Kontturi E. Visualizing Degradation of Cellulose Nanofibers by Acid Hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1399-1405. [PMID: 33523637 PMCID: PMC8045026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose hydrolysis is an extensively studied process due to its relevance in the fields of biofuels, chemicals production, and renewable nanomaterials. However, the direct visualization of the process accompanied with detailed scaling has not been reported because of the vast morphological alterations occurring in cellulosic fibers in typical heterogeneous (solid/liquid) hydrolytic systems. Here, we overcome this distraction by exposing hardwood cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) deposited on silica substrates to pressurized HCl gas in a solid/gas system and examine the changes in individual CNFs by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that hydrolysis proceeds via an intermediate semi-fibrous stage before objects reminiscent of cellulose nanocrystals were formed. The length of the nanocrystal-like objects correlated well with molar mass, as analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, performed on CNF aerogels hydrolyzed under identical conditions. Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction showed a slight increase in crystallinity index as the hydrolysis proceeded. The results provide a modern visual complement to >100 years of research in cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Spiliopoulos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz
University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Mira Viljanen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
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23
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Wulz P, Waldner C, Krainer S, Kontturi E, Hirn U, Spirk S. Surface hydrophobization of pulp fibers in paper sheets via gas phase reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:80-87. [PMID: 33722621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobization of cellulosic materials and particularly paper products is a commonly used procedure to render papers more resistant to water and moisture. Here, we explore the hydrophobization of unsized paper sheets via the gas phase. We employed three different compounds, namely palmitoyl chloride (PCl), trifluoroacetic anhydride/acetic anhydride (TFAA/Ac2O)) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) which were vaporized and allowed to react with the paper sheets via the gas phase. All routes yielded hydrophobic papers with static water contact angles far above 90° and indicated the formation of covalent bonds. The PCl and TFAA approach negatively impacted the mechanical and optical properties of the paper leading to a decrease in tensile strength and yellowing of the sheets. The HMDS modified papers did not exhibit any differences regarding relevant paper technological parameters (mechanical properties, optical properties, porosity) compared to the non-modified sheets. XPS studies revealed that the HMDS modified samples have a rather low silicon content, pointing at the formation of submonolayers of trimethylsilyl groups on the fiber surfaces in the paper network. This was further investigated by penetration dynamic analysis using ultrasonication, which revealed that the whole fiber network has been homogeneously modified with the silyl groups and not only the very outer surface as for the PCl and the TFAA modified papers. This procedure yields a possibility to study the influence of hydrophobicity on paper sheets and their network properties without changing structural and mechanical paper parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wulz
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Waldner
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Krainer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (BIO), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Meng Z, Sawada D, Laine C, Ogawa Y, Virtanen T, Nishiyama Y, Tammelin T, Kontturi E. Bottom-up Construction of Xylan Nanocrystals in Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:898-906. [PMID: 33410657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new type of polysaccharide (hemicellulose) nanocrystal, bearing the shape of an anisotropic nanoflake, emerged from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dispersion of wood-based xylan through heat-induced crystallization. The dimensions of these xylan nanocrystals were controlled by the crystallization conditions. Sharp signals in solid-state NMR indicated a well-ordered crystal structure. The unit cell is constituted of two asymmetric xylose residues, and DMSO molecules resided in a host-guest type of arrangement with more than one local environment. This corroborates with the identical 1H NMR relaxation time between DMSO and xylan, indicative of intimate mixing of the two at the tens of nanometer length scale. X-ray and electron diffraction indicated a 2-fold helical helix along the chain in a monoclinic unit cell with an antiparallel arrangement, with chains placed on the 2-fold helix axes: at the corner and at the center. The 2-fold helical structure is unique for xylan for which only a 3-fold helical form has been reported. The DMSO molecules participated in the crystallization, and they were shown to be vital in stabilizing the crystalline structure. The manipulation of temperature, concentration, and incubation time of the xylan/DMSO dispersion provided pathways for the crystallization to form size-adjustable nanocrystals. As 20-30% of biomass consists of hemicelluloses, this work will serve as a starting point to understand the controlled assembly of hemicelluloses to discover their full application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Yu Ogawa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tommi Virtanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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25
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemical Modification of Reducing End-Groups in Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:66-87. [PMID: 32329947 PMCID: PMC7821002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native plant cellulose has an intrinsic supramolecular structure. Consequently, it can be isolated as nanocellulose species, which can be utilized as building blocks for renewable nanomaterials. The structure of cellulose also permits its end-wise modification, i.e., chemical reactions exclusively on one end of a cellulose chain or a nanocellulose particle. The premises for end-wise modification have been known for decades. Nevertheless, different approaches for the reactions have emerged only recently, because of formidable synthetic and analytical challenges associated with the issue, including the adverse reactivity of the cellulose reducing end and the low abundance of newly introduced functionalities. This Review gives a full account of the scientific underpinnings and challenges related to end-wise modification of cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, we present how the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystal ends may be applied to directed assembly, resulting in numerous possibilities for the construction of new materials, such as responsive liquid crystal templates and composites with tailored interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry DivisionChemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55FI-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AGBaslerstrasse 42CH-4665OftringenSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
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26
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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27
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemische Modifizierung der reduzierenden Enden von Cellulosenanokristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division Chemistry Department University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AG Baslerstrasse 42 CH-4665 Oftringen Schweiz
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
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28
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Spiliopoulos P, Solala I, Pääkkönen T, Seitsonen J, van Bochove B, Seppälä JV, Kontturi E. Native Structure of the Plant Cell Wall Utilized for Top-Down Assembly of Aligned Cellulose Nanocrystals into Micrometer-Sized Nanoporous Particles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000201. [PMID: 32613701 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their sustainable appeal, biomass components are currently undervalued in nanotechnology because means to control the assembly of bio-based nanoparticles are lagging behind the synthetic counterparts. Here, micrometer-sized particles consisting of aligned cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are prepared by crosslinking cellulose in cotton linter fibers that are prehydrolyzed with gaseous HCl, resulting in chemical cleavage necessary for CNC formation but retaining the morphology of the native fibers. That way, the intrinsic alignment of cellulose microfibrils within the fiber cell wall can be retained and utilized for top-down CNC alignment. Subsequent crosslinking with citric acid cements the alignment and preserves it, following the dispersion of CNCs trapped end-to-end, connected, and crosslinked within the colloidally stable micrometer-sized particles. Furthermore, thermoporosimetry and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo TEM) shows that the particles possess mainly nanoporous (<2 nm) character in water. The approach challenges the current paradigm of predominantly bottom-up methods for nanoparticle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Spiliopoulos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Bas van Bochove
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka V Seppälä
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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29
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Nawawi WMFBW, Jones M, Murphy RJ, Lee KY, Kontturi E, Bismarck A. Nanomaterials Derived from Fungal Sources-Is It the New Hype? Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:30-55. [PMID: 31592650 PMCID: PMC7076696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Greener alternatives to synthetic polymers are constantly being investigated and sought after. Chitin is a natural polysaccharide that gives structural support to crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls. Like cellulose, chitin resides in nanosized structural elements that can be isolated as nanofibers and nanocrystals by various top-down approaches, targeted at disintegrating the native construct. Chitin has, however, been largely overshadowed by cellulose when discussing the materials aspects of the nanosized components. This Perspective presents a thorough overview of chitin-related materials research with an analytical focus on nanocomposites and nanopapers. The red line running through the text emphasizes the use of fungal chitin that represents several advantages over the more popular crustacean sources, particularly in terms of nanofiber isolation from the native matrix. In addition, many β-glucans are preserved in chitin upon its isolation from the fungal matrix, enabling new horizons for various engineering solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan M. F. B. W. Nawawi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Biotechnology Engineering, International
Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mitchell Jones
- School
of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora
East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
- Polymer and
Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard J. Murphy
- Centre
for Environment & Sustainability, University
of Surrey, Arthur C Clarke
building, Floor 2, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London,
South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Polymer and
Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Heise K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Potthast A, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E. Knoevenagel Condensation for Modifying the Reducing End Groups of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1642-1647. [PMID: 35619387 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach toward functionalization of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) reducing ends by means of a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with a reactive β-diketone (acetylacetone). The end-wise modification was elucidated by advanced NMR analysis, which was facilitated by dissolving the CNCs in ionic liquid electrolyte and by the concomitant assignment of a model compound derived from d-cellobiose. The diffusion-edited 1H experiment afforded a simple method to identify the assigned model resonances in the reducing end-modified CNCs. The condensations can be carried out in aqueous bicarbonate solutions, avoiding the use of hazardous solvents. Under these preliminary aqueous conditions, end-group conversion of up to 12.5% could be confirmed. These results demonstrate the potential of β-diketone chemistry and the Knoevenagel condensation for functionalizing cellulose reducing ends. Application of this liquid-state NMR method for confirming and quantifying reducing end conversion is also shown to be invaluable. Extension of this chemistry to other 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and solvation conditions should allow for the topochemical and (axially) chirotopic installation of functional moieties to CNCs, paving the way to asymmetric cellulose-based nanomaterials with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute for Chemistry of Renewables, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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31
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Jones AOF, Resel R, Schrode B, Machado-Charry E, Röthel C, Kunert B, Salzmann I, Kontturi E, Reishofer D, Spirk S. Structural Order in Cellulose Thin Films Prepared from a Trimethylsilyl Precursor. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:653-659. [PMID: 31774663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer cellulose is investigated in terms of the crystallographic order within thin films. The films were prepared by spin-coating of a trimethylsilyl cellulose precursor followed by an exposure to HCl vapors; two different source materials were used. Careful precharacterization of the films was performed by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the films were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The results showed broad diffraction peaks, indicating a rather short correlation length of the molecular packing in the range of a few nanometers. The analysis of the diffraction patterns was based on the known structures of crystalline cellulose, as the observed peak pattern was comparable to cellulose phase II and phase III. The dominant fraction of the film is formed by two different types of layers, which are oriented parallel to the substrate surface. The stacking of the layers results in a one-dimensional crystallographic order with a defined interlayer distance of either 7.3 or 4.2 Å. As a consequence, two different preferred orientations of the polymer chains are observed. In both cases, polymer chain axes are aligned parallel to the substrate surface, and the orientation of the cellulose molecules are concluded to be either edge-on or flat-on. A minor fraction of the cellulose molecules form nanocrystals that are randomly distributed within the films. In this case, the molecular packing density was found to be smaller in comparison to the known crystalline phases of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Eduardo Machado-Charry
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Karl-Franzens University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Concordia University , H4B 1R6 Montréal , Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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33
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Jones M, Weiland K, Kujundzic M, Theiner J, Kählig H, Kontturi E, John S, Bismarck A, Mautner A. Waste-Derived Low-Cost Mycelium Nanopapers with Tunable Mechanical and Surface Properties. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3513-3523. [PMID: 31355634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycelium, the vegetative growth of filamentous fungi, has attracted increasing commercial and academic interest in recent years because of its ability to upcycle agricultural and industrial wastes into low-cost, sustainable composite materials. However, mycelium composites typically exhibit foam-like mechanical properties, primarily originating from their weak organic filler constituents. Fungal growth can be alternatively utilized as a low-cost method for on-demand generation of natural nanofibrils, such as chitin and chitosan, which can be grown and isolated from liquid wastes and byproducts in the form of fungal microfilaments. This study characterized polymer extracts and nanopapers produced from a common mushroom reference and various species of fungal mycelium grown on sugarcane byproduct molasses. Polymer yields of ∼10-26% were achieved, which are comparable to those of crustacean-derived chitin, and the nanopapers produced exhibited much higher tensile strengths than the existing mycelium materials, with values of up to ∼25 MPa (mycelium) and ∼98 MPa (mushroom), in addition to useful hydrophobic surface properties resulting from the presence of organic lipid residues in the nanopapers. HCl or H2O2 treatments were used to remove these impurities facilitating tuning of mechanical, thermal, and surface properties of the nanopapers produced. This potentially enables their use in a wide range of applications including coatings, membranes, packaging, and paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Jones
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Bundoora East Campus , P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne 3083 , Victoria , Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (BIO2) , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Sabu John
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Bundoora East Campus , P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne 3083 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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Abstract
A literature review on ultrathin films of cellulose is presented. The review focuses on different deposition methods of the films-all the way from simple monocomponent films to more elaborate multicomponent structures-and the use of the film structures in the vast realm of materials science. The common approach of utilizing cellulose thin films as experimental models is therefore omitted. The reader will find that modern usage of cellulose thin films constitutes an exciting emerging area within materials science and it goes far beyond the traditional usage of the films as model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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35
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Kontturi E, Laaksonen P, Linder MB, Gröschel AH, Rojas OJ, Ikkala O. Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1703779. [PMID: 29504161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose-based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, DE-45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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Matharu AS, de Melo EM, Remón J, Wang S, Abdulina A, Kontturi E. Processing of Citrus Nanostructured Cellulose: A Rigorous Design-of-Experiment Study of the Hydrothermal Microwave-Assisted Selective Scissoring Process. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:1344-1353. [PMID: 29377596 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201702456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A detailed design-of-experiment (DoE) study to investigate the cause-effect interactions of three process variables, that is, temperature (120-200 °C), holding time (0-30 min), and concentration (1.4-5.0 wt %), on the processing of citrus cellulosic matter using acid-free microwave-assisted selective scissoring (Hy-MASS) is reported. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that post-microwave processing, the yield of cellulosic matter (25-72 %), decomposition temperature (345-373 °C), and crystallinity index (34-67 %) were strongly affected by temperature. SEM and TEM analyses showed that the isolated cellulosic matter was heterogeneous and consisted of a mixture of micro- and nanofibers more akin to microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) at low processing temperatures and tending towards aggregated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at higher processing temperatures. The water holding capacity of the processed cellulosic matter (15-27 gH2O g-1 ) was higher than the original feedstock or previously reported values. The average molecular weight of the cellulosic matter (113.6-1095.9 kg mol-1 ) decreased significantly by a factor of 10 at operating temperatures above 180 °C, invoking significant scissoring of the cellulosic chains. The process energy input and costs varied between 0.142-0.624 kWh and 13-373 € kg-1 , respectively, and strongly depended on the reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar S Matharu
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Eduardo M de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Javier Remón
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Shuting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Alima Abdulina
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland
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Pääkkönen T, Spiliopoulos P, Knuts A, Nieminen K, Johansson LS, Enqvist E, Kontturi E. From vapour to gas: optimising cellulose degradation with gaseous HCl. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cellulose degradation technique utilizing a pressurized HCl gas (up to 100 kPa) device is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pääkkönen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | - Panagiotis Spiliopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | - Aaro Knuts
- SciTech-Service Oy Ltd
- 00130 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Kaarlo Nieminen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | | | - Eero Kontturi
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
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38
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Hakalahti M, Faustini M, Boissière C, Kontturi E, Tammelin T. Interfacial Mechanisms of Water Vapor Sorption into Cellulose Nanofibril Films as Revealed by Quantitative Models. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2951-2958. [PMID: 28816438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Humidity is an efficient instrument for facilitating changes in local architectures of two-dimensional surfaces assembled from nanoscaled biomaterials. Here, complementary surface-sensitive methods are used to collect explicit and precise experimental evidence on the water vapor sorption into (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) thin film over the relative humidity (RH) range from 0 to 97%. Changes in thickness and mass of the film due to water vapor uptake are tracked using spectroscopic ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, respectively. Experimental data is evaluated by the quantitative Langmuir/Flory-Huggins/clustering model and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model. The isotherms coupled with the quantitative models unveil distinct regions of predominant sorption modes: specific sorption of water molecules below 10% RH, multilayer build-up between 10 to 75% RH, and clustering of water molecules above 75% RH. The study reveals the sorption mechanisms underlying the well-known water uptake behavior of TEMPO oxidized CNF directly at the gas-solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Hakalahti
- High Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Ltd , FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- High Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Ltd , FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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Kontturi KS, Biegaj K, Mautner A, Woodward RT, Wilson BP, Johansson LS, Lee KY, Heng JYY, Bismarck A, Kontturi E. Noncovalent Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanopapers by Adsorption of Polymers from Aprotic Solvents. Langmuir 2017; 33:5707-5712. [PMID: 28520438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Basic adsorption of hydrophobic polymers from aprotic solvents was introduced as a platform technology to modify exclusively the surfaces of cellulose nanopapers. Dynamic vapor sorption demonstrated that the water vapor uptake ability of the nanopapers remained unperturbed, despite strong repellency to liquid water caused by the adsorbed hydrophobic polymer on the surface. This was enabled by the fact that the aprotic solvents used for adsorption did not swell the nanopaper unlike water that is generally applied as the adsorption medium in such systems. As case examples, the adsorptions of polystyrene (PS) and poly(trifluoroethylene) (PF3E) were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements, backed up with morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy. The resulting nanopapers are useful in applications like moisture buffers where repellence to liquid water and ability for moisture sorption are desired qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri S Kontturi
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Biocomposites and Processing, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Karolina Biegaj
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert T Woodward
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Wilson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- The Composites Centre, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Salminen R, Baccile N, Reza M, Kontturi E. Surface-Induced Frustration in Solid State Polymorphic Transition of Native Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1975-1982. [PMID: 28462998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an interface generally influences crystallization of polymers from melt or from solution. Here, by contrast, we explore the effect of surface immobilization in a direct solid state polymorphic transition on individual cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), extracted from a plant-based origin. The conversion from native cellulose I to cellulose III crystal occurred via a host-guest inclusion of ethylene diamine inside the crystal. A 60% reduction in CNC width (height) in atomic force microscopy images suggested that when immobilized on a flat modified silica surface, the stresses caused by the inclusion or the subsequent regeneration resulted in exfoliation, hypothetically, between the van der Waals bonded sheets within the crystal. Virtually no changes in dimensions were visible when the polymorphic transition was performed to nonimmobilized CNCs in bulk dispersion. With reservations and by acknowledging the obvious dissimilarities, the exfoliation of cellulose crystal sheets can be viewed as analogous to exfoliation of 2D structures like graphene from a van der Waals stacked solid. Here, the detachment is triggered by an inclusion of a guest molecule inside a host cellulose crystal and the stresses caused by the firm attachment of the CNC on a solid substrate, leading to detachment of molecular sheets or stacks of sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Salminen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Universités , 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Huber G, Argyropoulos D, Matharu A, Bitter H, Stevens C, Herou S, Wilson K, Clark J, Pant D, Cabrera-Rodríguez CI, Samec J, Dale BE, Farmer T, Mascal M, Horan A, Stankiewicz A, Gschwend F, Mu X, Zhou L, Huang X, Hu C, Cooper T, Sparlinek L, Budarin V, Kontturi E, Hunt A, Garrido A, Waldron K, Zhang F, Zhenova A, Constable D, Sarkanen S, Titirici M, Rothenberg G, Albert J, Macquarrie D. Bio-based materials: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:121-139. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Argyropoulos D, Bitter H, Brandt-Talbot A, Budarin V, Chesi C, Clark J, Coma M, Crestini C, Dale B, Graca I, Hallett J, Hu C, Huang X, Huber G, Hughes T, Hunt A, Kontturi E, Luo Y, Mascal M, Matharu A, Matveeva V, Mount A, Ouyang X, Rinaldi R, Rothenberg G, Samec J, Sarkanen S, Seidel CM, Stevens C, Thaore V, Waldron K, Wilson K, Xie F, Zijlstra DS. Conversion technologies: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:371-389. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90049j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lorenz M, Sattler S, Reza M, Bismarck A, Kontturi E. Cellulose nanocrystals by acid vapour: towards more effortless isolation of cellulose nanocrystals. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:315-330. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00053g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are topical in materials science but their full potential is yet to be fulfilled because of bottlenecks in the production: the process consumes huge amounts of water, recycling the strong acid catalyst is difficult, and purification steps are cumbersome, particularly with lengthy dialysis. Production of CNCs with HCl vapour overcomes many of these difficulties but the dispersion of CNCs from the already hydrolysed fibre matrix is a formidable challenge. This study is a fundamental effort to explore very basic means to facilitate CNC dispersion from cotton linter fibres (filter paper), hydrolysed to levelling off degree of polymerization by HCl vapour. The introduction of carboxylic groups on the cellulose crystal surface proved the most efficient method to alleviate dispersion with good yields (ca. 50%) and a provisional possibility to tune the CNC length. By contrast, attempts to directly disperse untreated hydrolysed fibres in various organic solvents and aqueous surfactant solutions were unsuccessful. The results showed that hydrolysis of native cellulose fibres by HCl vapour is indeed a viable method for producing CNCs but it has more potential as a pre-treatment step rather than a full-fledged process on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lorenz
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Stefan Sattler
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Aalto University
- FI-00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group
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Lee WJ, Clancy AJ, Kontturi E, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP. Strong and Stiff: High-Performance Cellulose Nanocrystal/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composite Fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:31500-31504. [PMID: 27933978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) suggest great potential as bioderived reinforcement in (nano)composites. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) is a useful industrial material and very compatible with CNC chemistry. High performance CNC/PVOH composite fibers were produced coaxial coagulation spinning, followed by hot-drawing. We showed that CNCs increase the alignment and crystallinity of PVOH, as well as providing direct reinforcement, leading to enhanced fiber strength and stiffness. At 40 wt % CNC loading, the strength and stiffness reached 880 MPa and 29.9 GPa, exceeding the properties of most other nanocellulose based composite fibers previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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45
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Kontturi E, Meriluoto A, Penttilä PA, Baccile N, Malho JM, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Ruokolainen J, Serimaa R, Laine J, Sixta H. Degradation and Crystallization of Cellulose in Hydrogen Chloride Vapor for High-Yield Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14455-14458. [PMID: 27761976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.v55.4610.1002/anie.201606626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the structural, load-bearing role of cellulose in the plant kingdom, countless efforts have been devoted to degrading this recalcitrant polysaccharide, particularly in the context of biofuels and renewable nanomaterials. Herein, we show how the exposure of plant-based fibers to HCl vapor results in rapid degradation with simultaneous crystallization. Because of the unchanged sample texture and the lack of mass transfer out of the substrate in the gas/solid system, the changes in the crystallinity could be reliably monitored. Furthermore, we describe the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals in high yields and with minimal water consumption. The study serves as a starting point for the solid-state tuning of the supramolecular properties of morphologically heterogeneous biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
- Polymer and Composites Engineering group Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Paavo A Penttilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ritva Serimaa
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Laine
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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Kontturi E, Meriluoto A, Penttilä PA, Baccile N, Malho JM, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Ruokolainen J, Serimaa R, Laine J, Sixta H. Cellulose-Nanokristalle in hoher Ausbeute durch Abbau und Kristallisation von Cellulose mittels gasförmigem Chlorwasserstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest Products Technology; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16300 00076 Aalto Finnland
- Polymer and Composites Engineering group Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ Großbritannien
| | | | - Paavo A. Penttilä
- Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Sorbonne Universités; 75005 Paris Frankreich
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Department of Applied Physics; Aalto University; P.O. Box 15100 00076 Aalto Finnland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Universität für Bodenkultur; Muthgasse 18 1190 Wien Österreich
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Universität für Bodenkultur; Muthgasse 18 1190 Wien Österreich
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics; Aalto University; P.O. Box 15100 00076 Aalto Finnland
| | - Ritva Serimaa
- Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Janne Laine
- Department of Forest Products Technology; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16300 00076 Aalto Finnland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products Technology; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16300 00076 Aalto Finnland
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Kontturi E, Meriluoto A, Penttilä PA, Baccile N, Malho JM, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Ruokolainen J, Serimaa R, Laine J, Sixta H. Degradation and Crystallization of Cellulose in Hydrogen Chloride Vapor for High-Yield Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14455-14458. [PMID: 27761976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the structural, load-bearing role of cellulose in the plant kingdom, countless efforts have been devoted to degrading this recalcitrant polysaccharide, particularly in the context of biofuels and renewable nanomaterials. Herein, we show how the exposure of plant-based fibers to HCl vapor results in rapid degradation with simultaneous crystallization. Because of the unchanged sample texture and the lack of mass transfer out of the substrate in the gas/solid system, the changes in the crystallinity could be reliably monitored. Furthermore, we describe the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals in high yields and with minimal water consumption. The study serves as a starting point for the solid-state tuning of the supramolecular properties of morphologically heterogeneous biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland. .,Polymer and Composites Engineering group Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Paavo A Penttilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ritva Serimaa
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Laine
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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Majoinen J, Hassinen J, Haataja JS, Rekola HT, Kontturi E, Kostiainen MA, Ras RHA, Törmä P, Ikkala O. Chiral Plasmonics Using Twisting along Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Template for Gold Nanoparticles. Adv Mater 2016; 28:5262-7. [PMID: 27152434 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The right-handed twist along aqueous dispersed cellulose nanocrystals allows right-handed chiral plasmonics upon electrostatic binding of gold nanoparticles in dilute environment, through tuning the particle sizes and concentrations. Simulations using nanoparticle coordinates from cryo-electron tomography confirm the experimental results. The finding suggests generalization for other chiral and helical colloidal templates for nanoscale chiral plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Majoinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka Hassinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes S Haataja
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Heikki T Rekola
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 15100, FIN-00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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Fang W, Arola S, Malho JM, Kontturi E, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Noncovalent Dispersion and Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Proteins and Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1458-65. [PMID: 26907991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Native cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are valuable high quality materials with potential for many applications including the manufacture of high performance materials. In this work, a relatively effortless procedure was introduced for the production of CNCs, which gives a nearly 100% yield of crystalline cellulose. However, the processing of the native CNCs is hindered by the difficulty in dispersing them in water due to the absence of surface charges. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a one-step procedure for dispersion and functionalization of CNCs with tailored cellulose binding proteins. The process is also applicable for polysaccharides. The tailored cellulose binding proteins are very efficient for the dispersion of CNCs due to the selective interaction with cellulose, and only small fraction of proteins (5-10 wt %, corresponds to about 3 μmol g(-1)) could stabilize the CNC suspension. Xyloglucan (XG) enhanced the CNC dispersion above a fraction of 10 wt %. For CNC suspension dispersed with carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) we observed the most long-lasting stability, up to 1 month. The cellulose binding proteins could not only enhance the dispersion of the CNCs, but also functionalize the surface. This we demonstrated by attaching gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to the proteins, thus, forming a monolayer of GNPs on the CNC surface. Cryo transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) imaging confirmed the attachment of the GNPs to CNC solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Aalto University , Department of Materials Science, P.O. Box 16200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Suvi Arola
- Aalto University , Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Aalto University , Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Université de Bordeaux/CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR5629, /CNRS/Bordeaux-INP ENSCBP 16, avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Aalto University , Department of Forest Products Technology, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Aalto University , Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Aalto University , Department of Materials Science, P.O. Box 16200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Niinivaara E, Faustini M, Tammelin T, Kontturi E. Mimicking the Humidity Response of the Plant Cell Wall by Using Two-Dimensional Systems: The Critical Role of Amorphous and Crystalline Polysaccharides. Langmuir 2016; 32:2032-2040. [PMID: 26829372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Of the composite materials occurring in nature, the plant cell wall is among the most intricate, consisting of a complex arrangement of semicrystalline cellulose microfibrils in a dissipative matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses. Here, a biomimetic, two-dimensional cellulose system of the cell wall structure is introduced where cellulose nanocrystals compose the crystalline portion and regenerated amorphous cellulose composes the dissipative matrix. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and QCM-D are used to study the water vapor uptake of several two-layer systems. Quantitative analysis shows that the vapor-induced swelling of these ultrathin films can be controlled by varying ratios of the chemically identical ordered and unordered cellulose components. Intriguingly, increasing the share of crystalline cellulose appeared to increase the vapor uptake but only in cases for which the interfacial area between the crystalline and amorphous area was relatively large and the thickness of an amorphous overlayer was relatively small. The results show that a biomimetic approach may occasionally provide answers as to why certain native structures exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Materials Chemistry of Cellulose, Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University , 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marco Faustini
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Universités , F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT - Technical Research Center of Finland, High Performance Fibre Products, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Materials Chemistry of Cellulose, Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University , 02150 Espoo, Finland
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