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Oz Y, Roy A, Jain S, Zheng Y, Mahmood E, Baidya A, Annabi N. Designing a Naturally Inspired Conductive Copolymer to Engineer Wearable Bioadhesives for Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36002-36016. [PMID: 38954606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The design of adhesive and conductive soft hydrogels using biopolymers with tunable mechanical properties has received significant interest in the field of wearable sensors for detecting human motions. These hydrogels are primarily fabricated through the modification of biopolymers to introduce cross-linking sites, the conjugation of adhesive components, and the incorporation of conductive materials into the hydrogel network. The development of a multifunctional copolymer that integrates adhesive and conductive properties within a single polymer chain with suitable cross-linking sites eliminates the need for biopolymer modification and the addition of extra conductive and adhesive components. In this study, we synthesized a copolymer based on poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride-co-dopamine methacrylamide) (p(METAC-DMA)) using a controlled radical polymerization, allowing for the efficient conjugation of both adhesive and conductive units within a single polymer chain. Subsequently, our multifunctional hydrogel named Gel-MD was fabricated by mixing the p(METAC-DMA) copolymer with non-modified gelatin in which cross-linking took place in an oxidative environment. We confirmed the biocompatibility of the Gel-MD hydrogel through in vitro studies using NIH 3T3 cells as well as in vivo subcutaneous implantation in rats. Furthermore, the Gel-MD hydrogel was effective and sensitive in detecting various human motions, making it a promising wearable sensor for health monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Oz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Saumya Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Edrees Mahmood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Reynolds M, Stoy LM, Sun J, Opoku Amponsah PE, Li L, Soto M, Song S. Fabrication of Sodium Trimetaphosphate-Based PEDOT:PSS Conductive Hydrogels. Gels 2024; 10:115. [PMID: 38391444 PMCID: PMC10888113 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are highly attractive for biomedical applications due to their ability to mimic the electrophysiological environment of biological tissues. Although conducting polymer polythiophene-poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) alone exhibit high conductivity, the addition of other chemical compositions could further improve the electrical and mechanical properties of PEDOT:PSS, providing a more promising interface with biological tissues. Here we study the effects of incorporating crosslinking additives, such as glycerol and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), in developing interpenetrating PEDOT:PSS-based conductive hydrogels. The addition of glycerol at a low concentration maintained the PEDOT:PSS conductivity with enhanced wettability but decreased the mechanical stiffness. Increasing the concentration of STMP allowed sufficient physical crosslinking with PEDOT:PSS, resulting in improved hydrogel conductivity, wettability, and rheological properties without glycerol. The STMP-based PEDOT:PSS conductive hydrogels also exhibited shear-thinning behaviors, which are potentially favorable for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting applications. We demonstrate an interpenetrating conducting polymer hydrogel with tunable electrical and mechanical properties for cellular interactions and future tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Lindsay M Stoy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Jindi Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - Lin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Misael Soto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Shang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Neuroscience GIDP, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Zeng L, Gao G. Stretchable Organohydrogel with Adhesion, Self-Healing, and Environment-Tolerance for Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:28993-29003. [PMID: 37284783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable hydrogels as landmark soft materials have been efficiently utilized in the field of wearable sensing devices. However, these soft hydrogels mostly cannot integrate transparency, stretchability, adhesiveness, self-healing, and environmental adaptability into one system. Herein, a fully physically cross-linked poly(hydroxyethyl acrylamide)-gelatin dual-network organohydrogel is prepared in a phytic acid-glycerol binary solvent via a rapid ultraviolet light initiation. The introduction of gelatin as the second network endows the organohydrogel with desirable mechanical performance (high stretchability up to 1240%). The presence of phytic acid not only synergizes with glycerol to impart environment-tolerance to the organohydrogel (from -20 to 60 °C) but also increases the conductivity. Moreover, the organohydrogel demonstrates a durable adhesive performance toward diverse substrates, a high self-healing efficiency through heat treatment, and favorable optical transparency (transmittance of 90%). Furthermore, the organohydrogel achieves high sensitivity (gauge factor of 2.18 at 100% strain) and rapid response time (80 ms) and could detect both tiny (a low detection limit of 0.25% strain) and large deformations. Therefore, the assembled organohydrogel-based wearable sensors are capable of monitoring human joint motions, facial expression, and voice signals. This work proposes a facile route for multifunctional organohydrogel transducers and promises the practical application of flexible wearable electronics in complex scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zeng
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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Norgren M, Costa C, Alves L, Eivazi A, Dahlström C, Svanedal I, Edlund H, Medronho B. Perspectives on the Lindman Hypothesis and Cellulose Interactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104216. [PMID: 37241956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the history of cellulose chemistry, hydrogen bonding has been the predominant explanation when discussing intermolecular interactions between cellulose polymers. This is the general consensus in scholarly textbooks and in many research articles, and it applies to several other biomacromolecules' interactions as well. This rather unbalanced description of cellulose has likely impacted the development of materials based on the processing of cellulose-for example, via dissolution in various solvent systems and regeneration into solid materials, such as films and fibers, and even traditional wood fiber handling and papermaking. In this review, we take as a starting point the questioning of the general description of the nature of cellulose and cellulose interactions initiated by Professor Björn Lindman, based on generic physicochemical reasoning about surfactants and polymers. This dispute, which became known as "the Lindman hypothesis", highlights the importance of hydrophobic interactions in cellulose systems and that cellulose is an amphiphilic polymer. This paper elaborates on Björn Lindman's contribution to the subject, which has caused the scientific community to revisit cellulose and reconsider certain phenomena from other perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Norgren
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Carolina Costa
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Luís Alves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF-Chemical Processes and Forest Products Engineering Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Pólo II-R. Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alireza Eivazi
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Christina Dahlström
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Ida Svanedal
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Håkan Edlund
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Bruno Medronho
- Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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