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Jena S, Mohanty P, Rout Rout S, Kumar Pati S, Biswal HS. Thio and Seleno-Psoralens as Efficient Triplet Harvesting Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400733. [PMID: 38758636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The Psoralen (Pso) molecule finds extensive applications in photo-chemotherapy, courtesy of its triplet state forming ability. Sulfur and selenium replacement of exocyclic carbonyl oxygen of organic chromophores foster efficient triplet harvesting with near unity triplet quantum yield. These triplet-forming photosensitizers are useful in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) applications for selective apoptosis of cancer cells. In this work, we have critically assessed the effect of the sulfur and selenium substitution at the exocyclic carbonyl (TPso and SePso, respectively) and endocyclic oxygen positions of Psoralen. It resulted in a significant redshifted absorption spectrum to access the PDT therapeutic window with increased oscillator strength. The reduction in singlet-triplet energy gap and enhancement in the spin-orbit coupling values increase the number of intersystem crossing (ISC) pathways to the triplet manifold, which shortens the ISC lifetime from 10-5 s for Pso to 10-8 s for TPso and 10-9 s for SePso. The intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer process, a competitive pathway to ISC, is also considerably curbed by exocyclic functionalizations. In addition, a maximum of 115 GM of two-photon absorption (2PA) with IR absorption (660-1050 nm) confirms that the Psoralen skeleton can be effectively tweaked via single chalcogen atom replacement to design a suitable PDT photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Pranay Mohanty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saiprakash Rout Rout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saswat Kumar Pati
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Sang-Aroon W, Alberto ME, Toscano M, Russo N. Chalcogen atom effect on the intersystem crossing kinetic constant of oxygen- and sulfur disubstituted heteroporphyrins. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1322-1328. [PMID: 38363067 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The modulation of the photophysical properties of di-substituted porphyrin rings upon the oxygen and sulfur-for-nitrogen replacement has been investigated at density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent formulation (TDDFT). The considered properties range from structural behaviors and excitation energies to spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and nonradiative intersystem kinetic constants. Results show that the SOC strongly increase upon chalcogen substitution and, accordingly, the computed nonradiative kinetic constant also indicate an efficient singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in the sulfur containing macrocycle. The presented results indicate an alternative way to properly modulate the porphyrin's crucial properties for their use in photodynamic therapy, without resorting to the use of heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichien Sang-Aroon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Ritacca AG, Prejanò M, Alberto ME, Marino T, Toscano M, Russo N. On the antibacterial photodynamic inactivation mechanism of Emodin and Dermocybin natural photosensitizers: A theoretical investigation. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1254-1260. [PMID: 38351736 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A DFT and TDDFT study has been carried out on monomeric anthraquinones Emodin and Dermocybin (Em, Derm) recently proposed as natural antibacterial photosensitizers able to act also against gram-negative microbes. The computational study has been performed considering the relative amount of neutral and ionic forms of each compound in water, with the variation of pH. The occurrence of both Type I and Type II photoreactions has been explored computing the absorption properties of each species, the spin-orbit coupling constants (SOC), the vertical ionization potentials and the vertical electron affinities. The most plausible deactivation channels leading to the population of excited triplet states have been proposed. Our data indicate Emodin as more active than Dermocybin in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy throughout the Type II mechanism. Our data support a dual TypeI/II activity of the monomeric anthraquinones Emodin and Dermccybin in water, in all the considered protonation states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Liu S, Lee Y, Chen L, Deng J, Ma T, Barbatti M, Bai S. Unexpected longer T 1 lifetime of 6-sulfur guanine than 6-selenium guanine: the solvent effect of hydrogen bonds to brake the triplet decay. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13965-13972. [PMID: 38669188 PMCID: PMC11078201 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00875h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The decay of the T1 state to the ground state is an essential property of photosensitizers because it decides the lifetime of excited states and, thus, the time window for sensitization. The sulfur/selenium substitution of carbonyl groups can red-shift absorption spectra and enhance the triplet yield because of the large spin-orbit coupling, modifying nucleobases to potential photosensitizers for various applications. However, replacing sulfur with selenium will also cause a much shorter T1 lifetime. Experimental studies found that the triplet decay rate of 6-seleno guanine (6SeGua) is 835 times faster than that of 6-thio guanine (6tGua) in aqueous solution. In this work, we reveal the mechanism of the T1 decay difference between 6SeGua and 6tGua by computing the activation energy and spin-orbit coupling for rate calculation. The solvent effect of water is treated with explicit microsolvation and implicit solvent models. We find that the hydrogen bond between the sulfur atom of 6tGua and the water molecule can brake the triplet decay, which is weaker in 6SeGua. This difference is crucial to explain the relatively long T1 lifetime of 6tGua in an aqueous solution. This insight emphasizes the role of solvents in modulating the excited state dynamics and the efficiency of photosensitizers, particularly in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuhsuan Lee
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingfang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingheng Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tongmei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - Shuming Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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