Novel 7-Deazapurine Incorporating Isatin Hybrid Compounds as Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, In Silico Studies, and Antiproliferative Evaluation

Albadri A, Patel H, Kadri A, Aouadi K. Identification of dual-target isoxazolidine-isatin hybrids with antidiabetic potential: Design, synthesis, in vitro and multiscale molecular modeling approaches

In the development of novel antidiabetic agents, a novel series of isoxazolidine-isatin hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as dual α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. The precise structures of the synthesized scaffolds were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The obtained results were compared to those of the reference drug, acarbose (IC50 = 296.6 ± 0.825 μM for α-amylase & IC50 = 780.4 ± 0.346 μM for α-glucosidase). Among the title compounds, 5d exhibited impressive α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 30.39 ± 1.52 μM and 65.1 ± 3.11 μM, respectively, followed by 5h (IC50 = 46.65 ± 2.3 μM; IC50 = 85.16 ± 4.25 μM) and 5f (IC50 = 55.71 ± 2.78 μM; IC50 = 106.77 ± 5.31 μM). Mechanistic studies revealed that the most potent derivative 5d bearing the chloro substituent attached to the oxoindolin-3-ylidene core, and acarbose, are a competitive inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Structure activity relationship (SAR) was examined to guide further structural optimization of the most appropriate substituent(s). Moreover, drug-likeness qualities and ADMET prediction of the most active analogue, 5d was also performed. Subsequently, 5d was subjected to molecular docking and dynamic simulation during the progression of 120 ns analysis to check the essential ligand-receptor patterns, and to estimate its stability. In silico studies were found in good agreement with the in vitro enzymatic inhibitions results. In conclusion, we demonstrated that most potent compound 5d could be exploited as dual potential inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase for possible management of diabetes.

Discovery of New Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Multi-Targeted Kinase Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers

In the pursuit of developing more potent and effective targeted kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a series of new compounds, specifically halogenated '(E)-4-((7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N'-benzylidenebenzohydrazides', were successfully synthesized in three steps with high yields. Among these novel compounds, namely 5e, 5h, 5k, and 5l, promising cytotoxic effects were observed against four different cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 29 to 59 µM. Notably, compound 5k emerged as the most potent inhibitor, exhibiting significant activity against EGFR, Her2, VEGFR2, and CDK2 enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 40 to 204 nM, comparable to the well-known TKI sunitinib (IC50 = 261 nM). Mechanistic investigations of compound 5k revealed its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, accompanied by a notable increase in proapoptotic proteins caspase-3 and Bax, as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2 activity. Furthermore, molecular docking studies indicated similar binding interactions between compound 5k and the four enzymes, as observed with sunitinib. These findings highlight the potential of compound 5k as a promising candidate for further development as a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with enhanced potency.