Unprecedented Neoverrucosane and Cyathane Diterpenoids with Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity from Cultures of the Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus

Molecular properties, structure, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory activities of cultured secondary metabolites from the cultures of the mushroom Cyathus striatus CBPFE A06

Two previously undescribed natural cyathane diterpenoids Me-dentifragilin A (1) and Epi-neocyathin O (2), and three known cyathane diterpenoids 3-5, cyathin O, neocyathin P, and cyathin I, were isolated from the rice medium of the Cyathus striatus CBPFE A06. Their structures were established by NMR spectra, and HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 1-5 displayed encouraging neurotrophic activity in PC-12 cells at doses of 5 µM. Meanwhile, 1-5 significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO generation in BV2 cells with the IC50 values ranging from 2.44 ± 0.16 to 4.33 ± 0.32 μM. Western blot analysis showed that 2 and 4 inhibited the expression of genes involved in nitric oxide (NO) production. Molecular docking revealed that five residues of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) are key residues affecting the interaction of 2 and 4 with iNOS. This study enriches the structural diversity of cyathane diterpenes and adds to the evidence that cyathane diterpenes prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases.

A pilot pharmacokinetic and Metabolite identification study of Erinacine A in a Single landrace pig model

Erinacine A has been proven to have the ability to protect nerves and have the benefit of neurohealth. However, the pharmacokinetic and metabolites study of erinacine A in pigs, whose physiology and anatomy are similar to humans, have not been reported. In this study, 5 mg/kg of erinacine A was intravenously administered to the landrace pig. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC-QQQ/MS and UPLC-QTOF/MS. The results indicated the following pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma samples: with an area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) were 38.02 ± 0.03 mg∙min/L (AUC0-60) and 43.60 ± 0.06 mg∙min/L (AUC0-∞), clearance (CL) was 0.11 ± 0.00 L/min∙kg, volume of distribution (Vd) was 4.24 ± 0.00 L/kg, and terminal half-life (T1/2β) was 20.85 ± 0.03 min. In the cerebrospinal fluid samples, erinacine A was detected after 15 min and the highest concentration (5.26 ± 0.58 μg/L) was observed at 30 min. In the brain tissue sample, 77.45 ± 0.58 μg/L of erinacine A was found. In the study of metabolites, there were 6 identical metabolites in plasma and brain tissue. To our surprise, erinacine B was found to be the metabolite of erinacine A, and its concentration increased over time as erinacine A was metabolized. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that erinacine A can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid of landrace pigs. Additionally, the metabolite identification of erinacine A in landrace pigs is also investigated.

Unearthing the therapeutic benefits of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for humans: Emerging sustainable bioresources of 21st century

Global interest in mushroom farming techniques has grown in the last few years. Despite not making up a large amount of the human diet at the moment, the nutritional worth of mushrooms has prompted their usage. The three main segments of the global mushroom industry are wild, culinary (edible), and medicinal mushrooms. The quality food that mushrooms provide can be utilized to build agricultural ecosystems that are more sustainable for increasing productivity and enhancing the effectiveness of resource usage. This is mostly because mushrooms can be utilized for the recycling of biomass and remains from crop production. Culinary-medicinal mushrooms are becoming more and more important because of their nutrient density, dietary value, and health advantages. Given its many bioactive components, which include polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and secondary metabolites, mushrooms have been utilized extensively as health foods. These mushrooms exhibit pharmacological activities and possess prebiotic and antibacterial capabilities. This review provides information on the latest advancements in the sustainable cultivation of mushrooms, particularly with nontraditional substrates, and their potential therapeutic uses. Furthermore, some of the newest developments and difficulties in the production of mushrooms are explored.

The chemical structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities of secondary metabolites from the culinary-medicinal mushrooms of the genus Hericium: a review

Fungal phytochemicals derived from higher fungi, particularly those from the culinary-medicinal genus Hericium, have gained significant attention in drug discovery and healthcare. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, biological activities, and pharmacological properties of monomeric compounds isolated from Hericium species. Over the past 34 years, 253 metabolites have been identified from various Hericium species, including cyathane diterpenes, alkaloids, benzofurans, chromenes, phenols, pyrones, steroids, and other miscellaneous compounds. Detailed investigations into the biosynthesis of erinacines, a type of cyathane diterpene, have led to the discovery of novel cyathane diterpenes. Extensive research has highlighted the biological activities and pharmacological properties of Hericium-derived compounds, with particular emphasis on their neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects, immunomodulatory capabilities, anti-cancer activity, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial actions. Erinacine A, in particular, has been extensively studied. Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of Hericium species have facilitated the discovery of new compounds and provided insights into enzymatic reactions through genome mining. The diverse chemical structures and biological activities of Hericium compounds underpin their potential applications in medicine and as dietary supplements. This review not only advances our understanding of Hericium compounds but also encourages further research into Hericium species within the realms of medicine, health, functional foods, and agricultural microbiology. The broad spectrum of compound types and their diverse biological activities present promising opportunities for the development of new pharmaceuticals and edible products.

Genome-wide characterization and metabolite profiling of Cyathus olla: insights into the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds

Cyathus olla, belonging to the genus Cyathus within the order Agaricales, is renowned for its bird's nest-like fruiting bodies and has been utilized in folk medicine. However, its genome remains poorly understood. To investigate genomic diversity within the genus Cyathus and elucidate biosynthetic pathways for medicinal compounds, we generated a high-quality genome assembly of C. olla with fourteen chromosomes. The comparative genome analysis revealed variations in both genomes and specific functional genes within the genus Cyathus. Phylogenomic and gene family variation analyses provided insights into evolutionary divergence, as well as genome expansion and contraction in individual Cyathus species and 36 typical Basidiomycota. Furthermore, analysis of LTR-RT and Ka/Ks revealed apparent whole-genome duplication (WGD) events its genome. Through genome mining and metabolite profiling, we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for cyathane diterpenes from C. olla. Furthermore, we predicted 32 BGCs, containing 41 core genes, involved in other bioactive metabolites. These findings represent a valuable genomic resource that will enhance our understanding of Cyathus species genetic diversity. The genome analysis of C. olla provides insights into the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds and establishes a fundamental basis for future investigations into the genetic basis of chemodiversity in this significant medicinal fungus.

Unveiling the Chemical Composition and Biofunctionality of Hericium spp. Fungi: A Comprehensive Overview

In recent years, research on mushrooms belonging to the Hericium genus has attracted considerable attention due to their unique appearance and well-known medicinal properties. These mushrooms are abundant in bioactive chemicals like polysaccharides, hericenones, erinacines, hericerins, resorcinols, steroids, mono- and diterpenes, and corallocins, alongside essential nutrients. These compounds demonstrate beneficial bioactivities which are related to various physiological systems of the body, including the digestive, immune, and nervous systems. Extensive research has been conducted on the isolation and identification of numerous bioactive chemicals, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticholesterolemic, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest scientific literature on the chemical composition and secondary metabolites profile of Hericium spp. through an introduction to their chemical characteristics, speculated biosynthesis pathways for key chemical families, potential toxicological aspects, and a detailed description of the recent updates regarding the bioactivity of these metabolites.

Natural and engineered xylosyl products from microbial source

Glycosylation is a prevalent post-modification found in natural products and has a significant impact on the structural diversity and activity variation of natural products. Glucosylation is the most common type of glycosylation, whereas xylosylation is relatively rare. Despite their unique chemical structures and beneficial activities, xylosylated natural products from microorganisms have received little attention. This review provides, for the first time, a comprehensive summary of 126 microbial-derived xylosylated natural products, including xylosyl-cyathane diterpenes, xylosylated triterpenes, xylosyl aromatic compounds, and others. Among these compounds, xylosyl-cyathane diterpenes represent the highest number of derivatives, followed by xylosylated triterpenes. Xylosyl compounds from bacterial sources have less defined structural profiles compared to those from fungi. The characterization of xylosyltransferase EriJ from Basidiomycota extended the structural diversity of xylosyl cyathane diterpenes. This work provides a valuable reference for the research and use of xylosyltransferase for drug discovery and synthetic chemistry. Further work is needed to explore the potential applications of microbial derived xylosyl compounds and to develop novel xylosyl transferases. With the deepening of genomic sequencing of medicinal fungi, more biosynthesis of bioactive xylosyl compounds is expected to be elucidated in the future.

Recent Advances in the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Precision Medicine Perspective

About 60% to 70% of people with dementia have Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative illness. One reason for this disorder is the misfolding of naturally occurring proteins in the human brain, specifically β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau. Certain diagnostic imaging techniques, such as amyloid PET imaging, tau PET imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computerized Tomography (CT), and others, can detect biomarkers in blood, plasma, and cerebral spinal fluids, like an increased level of β-amyloid, plaques, and tangles. In order to create new pharmacotherapeutics for Alzheimer's disease, researchers must have a thorough and detailed knowledge of amyloid beta misfolding and other related aspects. Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are among the medications now used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Another medication that can temporarily alleviate dementia symptoms is memantine, which blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. However, it is not able to halt or reverse the progression of the disease. Medication now on the market can only halt its advancement, not reverse it. Interventions to alleviate behavioral and psychological symptoms, exhibit anti- neuroinflammation and anti-tau effects, induce neurotransmitter alteration and cognitive enhancement, and provide other targets have recently been developed. For some Alzheimer's patients, the FDA-approved monoclonal antibody, aducanumab, is an option; for others, phase 3 clinical studies are underway for drugs, like lecanemab and donanemab, which have demonstrated potential in eliminating amyloid protein. However, additional study is required to identify and address these limitations in order to reduce the likelihood of side effects and maximize the therapeutic efficacy.

Acute Effects of Naturally Occurring Guayusa Tea and Nordic Lion's Mane Extracts on Cognitive Performance

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of guayusa extract and Nordic Lion's Mane (LM) on cognition. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we examined the effects of a single dose of 650 mg guayusa extract (AMT: AmaTea® Max) vs. 1 g Nordic-grown Lion's Mane (LM) vs. placebo (PL). Participants attended three testing visits consisting of neuropsychological tests (Go/No-go, N-Back, and Serial 7 s tasks) assessing performance, subjective assessments of cognitive perception, and vital signs. Each assessment was measured at baseline (pre-ingestion) and 1 and 2 h post ingestion. AMT significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the number of attempts during Serial 7s, total score, number of correct responses, total number of responses, and reaction time during N-Back and improved Go stimulus reaction time, but it reduced the percentage of correct responses in the No-go stimulus response during Go/No-go. LM significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the number of attempts during Serial 7s and reaction time during N-Back and improved Go stimulus reaction time in Go/No-go. AMT improved mental clarity, focus, concentration, mood, and productivity at 1 and 2 h (p < 0.05); the ability to tolerate stress at 1 h; and had greater ratings than LM and PL for mental clarity, focus, concentration, and productivity. PL improved focus and concentration at 1 h from baseline (p ≤ 0.05). AMT and LM improved subjective ratings of "happiness compared to peers" and "getting the most out of everything" (p < 0.05); however, this occurred earlier in LM (i.e., 1 h post ingestion). AMT uniquely elevated blood pressure from baseline. AMT significantly improved cognitive performance and self-perceived cognitive indices of affect over a 2 h period and perceptions of happiness 2 h post ingestion. In comparison, LM helped improve working memory, complex attention, and reaction time 2 h post ingestion and perceptions of happiness over a 2 h period.

Comparative Genomic Analysis and Metabolic Potential Profiling of a Novel Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium rajendrae (Basidiomycota)

Hericium rajendrae is an emerging species in the genus Hericium with few members. Despite being highly regarded due to its rarity, knowledge about H. rajendrae remains limited. In this study, we sequenced, de novo assembled, and annotated the complete genome of H. rajendrae NPCB A08, isolated from the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, China, using the Illumina NovaSeq and Nanopore PromethION technologies. Comparative genomic analysis revealed similarities and differences among the genomes of H. rajendrae, H. erinaceus, and H. coralloides. Phylogenomic analysis revealed the divergence time of the Hericium genus, while transposon analysis revealed evolutionary characteristics of the genus. Gene family variation reflected the expansion and contraction of orthologous genes among Hericium species. Based on genomic bioinformation, we identified the candidate genes associated with the mating system, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Furthermore, metabolite profiling and comparative gene clusters analysis provided strong evidence for the biosynthetic pathway of erinacines in H. rajendrae. This work provides the genome of H. rajendrae for the first time, and enriches the genomic content of the genus Hericium. These findings also facilitate the application of H. rajendrae in complementary drug research and functional food manufacturing, advancing the field of pharmaceutical and functional food production involving H. rajendrae.