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Meng L, Zhou R, Liang L, Zang X, Lin J, Wang Q, Wang L, Wang W, Li Z, Ren P. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4-CL) enhances flavonoid accumulation, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in Ganoderma lucidum. Gene 2024; 899:148147. [PMID: 38191099 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
It is now understood that 4-Coumarate-CoA ligases (4-CL) are pivotal in bridging the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and the lignin biosynthesis pathway in plants. However, limited information on 4-CL genes and their functions in fungi is available. In this study, we cloned the 4-CL gene (Gl21040) from Ganoderma lucidum, which spans 2178 bp and consists of 10 exons and 9 introns. We also developed RNA interference and overexpression vectors for Gl21040 to investigate its roles in G. lucidum. Our findings indicated that in the Gl21040 interference transformants, 4-CL enzyme activities decreased by 31 %-57 %, flavonoids contents decreased by 10 %-22 %, lignin contents decreased by 20 %-36 % compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Conversely, in the Gl21040 overexpression transformants, 4-CL enzyme activity increased by 108 %-143 %, flavonoids contents increased by 8 %-37 %, lignin contents improved by 15 %-17 % compared to the WT strain. Furthermore, primordia formation was delayed by approximately 10 days in the Gl21040-interferenced transformants but occurred 3 days earlier in the Gl21040-overexpressed transformants compared to the WT strain. These results underscored the involvement of the Gl21040 gene in flavonoid synthesis, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ruyue Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Lidan Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xizhe Zang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jialong Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qingji Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Pengfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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Zhao P, Guan M, Tang W, Walayat N, Ding Y, Liu J. Structural diversity, fermentation production, bioactivities and applications of triterpenoids from several common medicinal fungi: Recent advances and future perspectives. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105470. [PMID: 36914012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal fungi are beneficial to human health and it reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Triterpenoids are polycyclic compounds derived from the straight-chain hydrocarbon squalene, which are widely distributed in medicinal fungi. Triterpenoids from medicinal fungal sources possess diverse bioactive activities such as anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity. This review article describes the structure, fermentation production, biological activities, and application of triterpenoids from the medicinal fungi including Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Antrodia camphorata, Inonotus obliquus, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Laetiporus sulphureus. Besides, the research perspectives of triterpenoids from medicinal fungi are also proposed. This paper provides useful guidance and reference for further research on medicinal fungi triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Meizhu Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Noman Walayat
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Wang S, Lu L, Song T, Xu X, Yu J, Liu T. Optimization of Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima process and the differences of metabolites before and after fermentation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12586. [PMID: 36636205 PMCID: PMC9830164 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the interaction of factors which influenced the Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn, a Dai (a national minority of China) medicine, and the optimal fermentation conditions. The differences of C. sinensis metabolites in normal state (CN) and products of two-way liquid fermentation of C. sinensis and Marsdenia tenacissima (CM) and Marsdenia tenacissima (MT). The interactive effect of factors was analyzed and the best conditions are obtained through the box-behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). All metabolites were determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), analyzed and identified by metabonomics technology. Results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were the concentration of raw medicinal materials is 160 g/L, the fermentation time is 6 days, the inoculation volume is 9.5%, the rotating speed is 170 rpm. 197 metabolites were identified in both positive ion and negative ion. 119 metabolites were significantly different between CN and CM. 43 metabolites were significantly different between CM and MT. Differential metabolic pathways were enriched. In conclusion, this paper optimizes the bidirectional fermentation process of M. tenacissima and C. sinensis through response surface methodology, and analyzes the changes of components from the level of metabonomics, so as to provide reference for exploring medicinal fungi fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Corresponding author.
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Liu Y, Huang L, Hu H, Cai M, Liang X, Li X, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Xiao C, Chen S, Chen D, Yong T, Pan H, Gao X, Wu Q. Whole-genome assembly of Ganoderma leucocontextum (Ganodermataceae, Fungi) discovered from the Tibetan Plateau of China. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6377781. [PMID: 34586388 PMCID: PMC8664445 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma leucocontextum, a newly discovered species of Ganodermataceae in China, has diverse pharmacological activities. G. leucocontextum was widely cultivated in southwest China, but the systematic genetic study has been impeded by the lack of a reference genome. Herein, we present the first whole-genome assembly of G. leucocontextum based on the Illumina and Nanopore platform from high-quality DNA extracted from a monokaryon strain (DH-8). The generated genome was 50.05 Mb in size with a N50 scaffold size of 3.06 Mb, 78,206 coding sequences and 13,390 putative genes. Genome completeness was assessed using the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) tool, which identified 96.55% of the 280 Fungi BUSCO genes. Furthermore, differences in functional genes of secondary metabolites (terpenoids) were analyzed between G. leucocontextum and G. lucidum. G. leucocontextum has more genes related to terpenoids synthesis compared to G. lucidum, which may be one of the reasons why they exhibit different biological activities. This is the first genome assembly and annotation for G. leucocontextum, which would enrich the toolbox for biological and genetic studies in G. leucocontextum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Mushroom Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Mushroom Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Mushroom Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Diling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Honghui Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
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Falandysz J, Wang Y, Saniewski M. 137Cs and 40K activities and total K distribution in the sclerotia of the Wolfiporia cocos fungus from China. J Environ Radioact 2021; 231:106549. [PMID: 33592538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The activity concentration of 137Cs and 40K and total K content in the sclerotia of the Chinese medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos collected mainly from Yunnan province of China during the period 2013-2015 were investigated. W. cocos in Yunnan is collected from the wild and is cultivated in field conditions and the wood substrate used is derived from the local pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franch.) logs from neighborhood forests. The outer part of sclerotia was found to be richer than the inner one in both 137Cs and 40K with median values of 7.3 and 3.2 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dw) for 137Cs, 220 and 140 Bq kg-1 dw for 40K. The median K concentrations were 6800 mg kg-1 dw in the outer and 3700 mg kg-1 dw in the inter parts. No statistically significant correlation was found for activity concentrations between the inner and outer parts, both for 137Cs and 40K (p > 0.05). Using the median activities of 137Cs, the nominal values of effective dose (mSv) for exposed adults annually consuming 50 g of sclerotia, were estimated at 0.0035 mSv and 0.084 mSv (outer part), and 0.0020 mSv and 0.040 mSv (inner part) per capita, respectively. Sclerotia of W. cocos seemed to be a relatively good source of K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia; Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Michał Saniewski
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - Maritime Branch, National Research Institute, 42 Waszyngtona Av., 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
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Milenge Kamalebo H, Nshimba Seya Wa Malale H, Masumbuko Ndabaga C, Degreef J, De Kesel A. Uses and importance of wild fungi: traditional knowledge from the Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 29433575 PMCID: PMC5809825 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild mushrooms constitute an important non-timber forest product that provides diverse substances and services, especially food and income for local communities from many parts of the world. This study presents original ethnomycological documentation from the dense rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS Ethnomycological surveys were made within local communities near the biosphere reserve of Yangambi and the Yoko forest reserve. The interviews involved 160 informants from six different ethnic communities (Bakumu, Turumbu, Topoke, Lokele, Ngelema, and Ngando). Specific reported use (RU), the relative importance (RI), and the cultural significance (CS) of wild edible fungi were calculated using quantitative data from enquiries. RESULTS The people from Tshopo use 73 species of wild mushrooms either for food (68 species), as medicine (9 species), in a recreational context (2 species), or related to myths and beliefs (7 species). Women are more involved in harvesting and are the main holders of cultural aspects related to fungi. The results show that knowledge of useful mushrooms differs between ethnic groups. The Ngando people have the highest ethnomycological expertise, which is expressed in their extensive cultural and practical use of fungi. Pleurotus tuber-regium is the most important species (MCSI = 1.9 and p value < 2.2e-16) as it is being used for food, as a medicine, and more. Daldinia eschscholtzii is the most important (MUI = 0.86 and p value < 2.2e-16) for medicinal applications, while Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia cornea, A. delicata, Marasmius buzungolo, and Lentinus squarrosulus are mostly appreciated for food. The latter five species are all wood-decaying saprotrophs. CONCLUSION Despite the presence of edible ectomycorrhizal taxa in the dense rainforests of Tshopo, local people only seem to have an interest in saprotrophic taxa. Some mushroom pickers deliberately cut down host trees to promote the development of saprotrophic taxa. Inducing forest degradation is considered beneficial as it promotes the development of saprotrophic taxa. The domestication of locally appreciated saprotrophic lignicolous fungi is proposed as a mitigating measure against fellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héritier Milenge Kamalebo
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, BP 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherches Universitaires du Kivu (CERUKI-ISP), BP 854, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Cephas Masumbuko Ndabaga
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Officielle de Bukavu, BP 570, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jérôme Degreef
- Botanic Garden Meise, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium
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Jargalmaa S, Eimes JA, Park MS, Park JY, Oh SY, Lim YW. Taxonomic evaluation of selected Ganoderma species and database sequence validation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3596. [PMID: 28761785 PMCID: PMC5534161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the genus Ganoderma include several ecologically important and pathogenic fungal species whose medicinal and economic value is substantial. Due to the highly similar morphological features within the Ganoderma, identification of species has relied heavily on DNA sequencing using BLAST searches, which are only reliable if the GenBank submissions are accurately labeled. In this study, we examined 113 specimens collected from 1969 to 2016 from various regions in Korea using morphological features and multigene analysis (internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II). These specimens were identified as four Ganoderma species: G. sichuanense, G. cf. adspersum, G. cf. applanatum, and G. cf. gibbosum. With the exception of G. sichuanense, these species were difficult to distinguish based solely on morphological features. However, phylogenetic analysis at three different loci yielded concordant phylogenetic information, and supported the four species distinctions with high bootstrap support. A survey of over 600 Ganoderma sequences available on GenBank revealed that 65% of sequences were either misidentified or ambiguously labeled. Here, we suggest corrected annotations for GenBank sequences based on our phylogenetic validation and provide updated global distribution patterns for these Ganoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suldbold Jargalmaa
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John A. Eimes
- University College, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Oh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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