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Xia Z, Li G, Zhai Y, Tong L, Ru Y, Wu M, Hu J, Wang M, Meng Y, Sun B, Wang C, Luo X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Jia P. Immunomodulatory effects and multi-omics analysis of Codonopsis Pilosula Extract in septic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2025; 337:118847. [PMID: 39368762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Codonopsis Pilosula (CP), as a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with medicinal and edible herb, is one of the most representative tonic Chinese herbal medicine. It has been widely used for regulating immune function with hardly any adverse effects in clinical practice. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect and to explore probable mechanism of Codonopsis Pilosula Extract (CPE) in septic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of septic rat was established by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). The thymus index, spleen index and cerebral index were calculated. Histological changes were observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The positive expression of CD4+ T cells was determined in the thymus and spleen by immunohistochemical (IHC). The expression level of 24 h CD4 was corroborated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR). Infectious factors, immune factors and inflammatory factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood cells were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The metabolite changes and gene expression levels, the potential targets and pathways of CPE in regulating immune function of thymus were analyzed by integrative analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic methods. RESULTS High dose of CPE increased the thymus index and spleen index of septic rats at different stages, and the brain index at different stages could be increased at medium dose and high dose. Medium and high doses of CPE reduced the pathological changes of thymus, spleen and brain tissue. CPE promoted the expression levels of CD4 in the thymus and spleen. CPE improved the levels of red blood cells (RBC), lymphocytes (LYM) and hemoglobin (HGB), and decreased the levels of neutrophils (NEUT), NLR (NEUT/LYM) and PLR (PLT/LYM). CPE dynamically regulated the levels of white blood cells (WBC) and PLT (platelet). CPE dynamically regulated the expression levels of infectious factors, immune factors, and inflammatory factors related to disease severity. CONCLUSION CPE has the ability to dynamically modulate the expression levels of infectious factors, immune factors, and inflammatory factors related to disease severity, and alleviate the damages of immune organs. The research has provided a global view of the integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics to elucidate the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of CPE. CPE could affect a series of biological processes in glycerophospholipid metabolism by interfering with the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway in the thymus, to maintain immune homeostasis of septic rats on the whole, especially humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Xia
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China.
| | - Gufeng Li
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Yufei Zhai
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Liguo Tong
- Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, PR China
| | - Yilin Ru
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Jinming Hu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Yaxi Meng
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Bao Sun
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, PR China
| | - Chunliu Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, PR China
| | - Xianlin Luo
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Yidi Liu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Ye Zhao
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China.
| | - Pu Jia
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, PR China.
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Su Q, Wei H, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhou J, Liu S, Yang X, Zhou L, Zhang P. The antiviral effect and potential mechanism of Houttuynia cordata thunb. (HC) against coxsackievirus A4. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2025; 337:118975. [PMID: 39433164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 10/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is mainly caused by various of enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 (EVA71), coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), CVA6, and CVA10 in infants and children under 5 years old. During the past 5 years, CVA4 has become the dominant pathogen resulting in HFMD in China. However, there are no effective vaccines and antiviral drugs available. Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HC). is a Chinese herbal medicine eaten as vegetables for treating viral infection diseases, but whether HC has anti-CVA4 effect remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we want to investigate the antiviral activity of HC against CVA4 in vitro and in vivo and elucidate the potential mechanism of HC against CVA4. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of HC. Virus titers assay, CPE assay, violet staining and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the antiviral effect of HC against CVA4. A 13-day-old suckling mice model was established to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of HC against CVA4 infection. Western blot, qRT-PCR and time-of-drug addition assay were performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of HC against CVA4 infection. RESULTS MTT assay indicated the cytotoxicity concentration of HC on Vero cells and RD cells were more than 1 mg/ml, suggesting that the low cytotoxicity of HC. In vitro antiviral assay revealed that HC could dose-dependently prevent the CPE, suppress the release of newborn virus, and inhibit the replication of CVA4 by decreasing viral RNA transcription and protein expression with IC50 of 88.96 μg/mL. A time-of-addition assay showed that HC mainly exerted anti-CVA4 effect by inhibiting virus replication at the post-entry stage. In vivo results further demonstrated that HC could effectively prevent the lethal infection of CVA4 by promoting survival, improving clinical symptoms, prolonging the survival time, inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses, and reducing pathological injury in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK pathway over-activation may be the primary mechanism of HC against CVA4 infection. CONCLUSION In summary, our results for the first time demonstrated that HC not only effectively inhibited CVA4 replication, but also partially protected the lethal infection of CVA4 in vivo. Furthermore, pharmacological mechanism studies revealed that the primary mechanism of HC against CVA4 infection may be associated with its effect of inhibiting over-activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways caused by enteroviruses. Our finding indicated that HC might be a potential innovative medicine for treating HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hailin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Swiss University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bad Zurzach, 5330, Switzerland
| | - Wenlei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiaxue Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention & The Affiliated CDC of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Liu X, Sun K, Jin X, Wu X, Xia M, Sun Y, Feng L, Li G, Wan X, Chen C. Review on active components and mechanism of natural product polysaccharides against gastric carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27218. [PMID: 38449642 PMCID: PMC10915412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the malignant tumors with a high occurrence rate worldwide is gastric carcinoma, which is an epithelial malignant tumor emerging from the stomach. Natural product polysaccharides are a kind of natural macromolecular polymers, which have the functions of regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemia, etc. Natural polysaccharides have remarkable effectiveness in preventing the onset, according to studies, and development of gastric cancer at both cellular and animal levels. This paper summarizes the inhibitory mechanisms and therapeutic significance of plant polysaccharides, fungi polysaccharides, and algal polysaccharides in natural product polysaccharides on the occurrence and development of gastric cancer in recent years, providing a theoretical basis for the research, development, and medicinal value of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Kaijing Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinmin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingjie Xia
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Guangzhe Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xilin Wan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Li Y, Li Q, Niu H, Li H, Jiao L, Wu W. UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Reveal the Potential Mechanism of Armillaria mellea Acid Polysaccharide in and Its Effects on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:7944. [PMID: 38138434 PMCID: PMC10745530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm is commonly used for food and pharmaceutical supplements due to its immune regulatory function, and polysaccharides are one of its main components. The aim of this research is to study the immunological activity of the purified acidic polysaccharide fraction, namely, AMPA, isolated from Armillaria mellea crude polysaccharide (AMP). In this study, a combination of the immune activity of mouse macrophages in vitro and serum metabonomics in vivo was used to comprehensively explore the cell viability and metabolic changes in immune-deficient mice in the AMPA intervention, with the aim of elucidating the potential mechanisms of AMPA in the treatment of immunodeficiency. The in vitro experiments revealed that, compared with LPS-induced RAW264.7, the AMPA treatment elevated the levels of the cellular immune factors IL-2, IL-6, IgM, IgA, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; promoted the expression of immune proteins; and activated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to produce immunological responses. The protein expression was also demonstrated in the spleen of the cyclophosphamide immunosuppressive model in vivo. The UHPLC-MS-based metabolomic analysis revealed that AMPA significantly modulated six endogenous metabolites in mice, with the associated metabolic pathways of AMPA for treating immunodeficiency selected as potential therapeutic biomarkers. The results demonstrate that phosphorylated acetyl CoA, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle were mainly activated to enhance immune factor expression and provide immune protection to the body. These experimental results are important for the development and application of AMPA as a valuable health food or drug that enhances immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
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