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Padhi D, Baruah P, Ramesh M, Moorthy H, Govindaraju T. Hybrid molecules synergistically mitigate ferroptosis and amyloid-associated toxicities in Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103119. [PMID: 38507972 PMCID: PMC10963859 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the build-up of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Ferroptosis, an iron (Fe)-dependent form of cell death plays a significant role in the multifaceted AD pathogenesis through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, and reduction in glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) enzyme activity and levels. Aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of tau drives the growth and maturation of NFTs contributing to AD pathogenesis. In this study, we strategically combined the structural and functional properties of gallic acid (GA) and cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) to synthesize hybrid molecules that effectively target both ferroptosis and amyloid toxicity in AD. This innovative approach marks a paradigm shift from conventional therapeutic strategies. This is the first report of a synthetic small molecule (GCTR) that effectively combats ferroptosis, simultaneously restoring enzymatic activity and enhancing cellular levels of its master regulator, GPX4. Further, GCTR disrupts Fe3+-induced LLPS of tau, and aids in attenuation of abnormal tau fibrillization. The synergistic action of GCTR in combating both ferroptosis and amyloid toxicity, bolstered by GPX4 enhancement and modulation of Fe3+-induced tau LLPS, holds promise for the development of small molecule-based novel therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshaa Padhi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Prayasee Baruah
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Hariharan Moorthy
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.
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2
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Prakash P, Manchanda P, Paouri E, Bisht K, Sharma K, Wijewardhane PR, Randolph CE, Clark MG, Fine J, Thayer EA, Crockett A, Gasmi N, Stanko S, Prayson RA, Zhang C, Davalos D, Chopra G. Amyloid β Induces Lipid Droplet-Mediated Microglial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543525. [PMID: 37333071 PMCID: PMC10274698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Several microglia-expressed genes have emerged as top risk variants for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired microglial phagocytosis is one of the main proposed outcomes by which these AD-risk genes may contribute to neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms translating genetic association to cellular dysfunction remain unknown. Here we show that microglia form lipid droplets (LDs) upon exposure to amyloid-beta (Aβ), and that their LD load increases with proximity to amyloid plaques in brains from human patients and the AD mouse model 5xFAD. LD formation is dependent upon age and disease progression and is more prominent in the hippocampus in mice and humans. Despite variability in LD load between microglia from male versus female animals and between cells from different brain regions, LD-laden microglia exhibited a deficit in Aβ phagocytosis. Unbiased lipidomic analysis identified a substantial decrease in free fatty acids (FFAs) and a parallel increase in triacylglycerols (TAGs) as the key metabolic transition underlying LD formation. We demonstrate that DGAT2, a key enzyme for the conversion of FFAs to TAGs, promotes microglial LD formation, is increased in microglia from 5xFAD and human AD brains, and that inhibiting DGAT2 improved microglial uptake of Aβ. These findings identify a new lipid-mediated mechanism underlying microglial dysfunction that could become a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Evi Paouri
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew G. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Alexis Crockett
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nadia Gasmi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah Stanko
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard A. Prayson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Jethava KP, Prakash P, Manchanda P, Arora H, Chopra G. One Scaffold, Different Organelle Sensors: pH-Activable Fluorescent Probes for Targeting Live Microglial Cell Organelles. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100378. [PMID: 34585478 PMCID: PMC9835645 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeting live cell organelles is essential for imaging, understanding, and controlling specific biochemical processes. Typically, fluorescent probes with distinct structural scaffolds are used to target specific cell organelles. Here, we have designed a modular one-step synthetic strategy using a common reaction intermediate to develop new lysosomal, mitochondrial, and nucleus-targeting pH-activable fluorescent probes that are all based on a single boron dipyrromethane scaffold. The divergent cell organelle targeting was achieved by synthesizing probes with specific functional group changes to the central scaffold resulting in differential fluorescence and pKa . Specifically, we show that the functional group transformation of the same scaffold influences cellular localization and specificity of pH-activable fluorescent probes in live primary microglial cells with pKa values ranging from ∼3.2-6.0. We introduce a structure-organelle-relationship (SOR) framework to target nuclei (NucShine), lysosomes (LysoShine), and mitochondria (MitoShine) in live microglia. This work will result in future applications of SOR beyond imaging to target and control organelle-specific biochemical processes in disease-specific models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupal P. Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Harshit Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),Purdue University, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),Purdue University, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),Purdue University, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),Purdue University, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),Purdue University, Integrative Data Science Initiative, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
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4
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Prakash P, Jethava KP, Korte N, Izquierdo P, Favuzzi E, Rose IVL, Guttenplan KA, Manchanda P, Dutta S, Rochet JC, Fishell G, Liddelow SA, Attwell D, Chopra G. Monitoring phagocytic uptake of amyloid β into glial cell lysosomes in real time. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10901-10918. [PMID: 34476070 PMCID: PMC8372545 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by glial cells is essential to regulate brain function during health and disease. Therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have primarily focused on targeting antibodies to amyloid β (Aβ) or inhibitng enzymes that make it, and while removal of Aβ by phagocytosis is protective early in AD it remains poorly understood. Impaired phagocytic function of glial cells during later stages of AD likely contributes to worsened disease outcome, but the underlying mechanisms of how this occurs remain unknown. We have developed a human Aβ1-42 analogue (AβpH) that exhibits green fluorescence upon internalization into the acidic organelles of cells but is non-fluorescent at physiological pH. This allowed us to image, for the first time, glial uptake of AβpH in real time in live animals. We find that microglia phagocytose more AβpH than astrocytes in culture, in brain slices and in vivo. AβpH can be used to investigate the phagocytic mechanisms responsible for removing Aβ from the extracellular space, and thus could become a useful tool to study Aβ clearance at different stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Krupal P Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Emilia Favuzzi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | | | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery 720 Clinic Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Wu Y, Cao Y, Liu H, Yao M, Ma N, Zhang B. Remodelin, an inhibitor of NAT10, could suppress hypoxia-induced or constitutional expression of HIFs in cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 472:19-31. [PMID: 32529496 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key mediators expressed under hypoxic condition and involved in many kinds of disease such as cancer and abnormal angiogenesis. Thus, development of their inhibitor has been extensively explored. Here, we describe a finding that Remodelin, a specific inhibitor of NAT10, could also inhibit the expression of HIFs. The presence of Remodelin could suppress the elevated level of HIF-1α protein and its nuclear translocation induced by either treatment of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) or hypoxia in dose or time-dependent way. More importantly, Remodelin could also inhibit the constitutional expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in VHL mutant 786-0 cells. With using of cells with depletion of NAT10 by shRNA or Crispr-Cas9 edited, we further demonstrated that inhibition of HIFs by Remodelin should need NAT10 activity. In biological analysis, the treatment of cultured HUVECs with Remodelin could inhibit in vitro cell migration and invasion and tube-formation. Our investigation implied that Remodelin could be a new potential inhibitor of HIFs for using in angiogenesis targeting therapy in either cancers or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haijing Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mengfei Yao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ningning Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Shang D, Hong Y, Xie W, Tu Z, Xu J. Interleukin-1β Drives Cellular Senescence of Rat Astrocytes Induced by Oligomerized Amyloid β Peptide and Oxidative Stress. Front Neurol 2020; 11:929. [PMID: 33013631 PMCID: PMC7493674 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. With no reliable treatment that delays or reverses the progress of AD, effective medical drugs, and interventions for AD treatment are in urgent need. Clinical success for patients thus relies on gaining a clearer understanding of AD pathogenesis to feed the development of novel and potent therapy strategies. It is well-established that inflammatory processes are involved in the pathology of AD, and recent studies implicated senescence of glial cells as an important player in the progression of AD. Methods: We did a preliminary screen in rat astrocytes for the five most abundant inflammatory factors in neuroinflammation, namely IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, and TNF-α, and found that IL-1β could efficiently induce cellular senescence. After that, SA-β-gal staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting were used to explore the underlying mechanism through which IL-1β mediates cellular senescence of rat astrocytes. Results: IL-1β-induced cellular senescence of rat astrocytes was accompanied by increased total and phosphorylated tau. Further experiments showed that both oligomerized amyloid β (Aβ) and H2O2 treatment can induce cellular senescence in rat astrocytes and increase the production and secretion of IL-1β from these cells. Subsequent mechanistic study revealed that activation of NLRP3 mediates Aβ and H2O2-induced maturation and secretion of IL-1β. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IL-1β mediates senescence in rat astrocytes induced by several common adverse stimuli in AD, implicating IL-1β and NLRP3 as valuable diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Shang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yin Hong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangwang Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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