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Mohanaraman SP, Chidambaram R. A holistic review on red fluorescent graphene quantum dots, its synthesis, unique properties with emphasis on biomedical applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35760. [PMID: 39220916 PMCID: PMC11365325 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are an evolving class of carbon-based nanomaterial, seizing tremendous attention owing to their intense optical property, engineered shapes and structures, and good photostability. Being a zero-dimensional form of carbon structure, GQDs have superior photoluminescent behavior, tunable emission and absorption, excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, hydrophilic nature, modifying surface states. Their water dispersibility and functionalized surface structure, involving heteroatoms and various functional groups onto the surface of GQDs, make them particularly suitable for biological applications. Based on their absolute luminescence properties, GQDs emit blue, green, yellow, and red light under ultraviolet irradiation. Amongst the three colors, red luminescence can achieve deeper penetration of light into tissues, good cellular distribution, bio-sensing property, cell imaging, drug delivery, and serves as a better candidate for photodynamic therapy. The overall objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods for red fluorescence graphene quantum dots (RF-GQDs), critical comparative analyses of spectral techniques used for their characterization, the tunable photoluminescence mechanisms underpinning red emission, and the significance of chemically functionalizing GQDs' surface edges in achieving red fluorescence are discussed in depth. This review also discusses the effective biological applications and critical challenges associated with RF-GQDs are examined, providing insights into their future potential in clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuga Priya Mohanaraman
- Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Chidambaram
- Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jamil S, Afzal R, Khan SR, Shabbir M, Alhokbany N, Li S, Saeed Ashraf Janjua MR. Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye by hydrothermally synthesized graphene nanodots (GNDs): investigation of kinetics and thermodynamics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23973-23986. [PMID: 39086519 PMCID: PMC11289714 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene nano dots (GNDs) are an intriguing emerging class of materials at the nano scale with distinctive characteristics and exciting potential applications. Graphene oxide was synthesized in a lab setting using a modified version of Hummers' approach and used as a precursor for synthesis of graphene nano dots. Graphene oxide is then treated through hydrothermal treatment to produce GNDs with exact control over their size and form. Synthesized graphene nano dots were subjected to various instruments to study morphology, crystallinity, size and other properties. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to detect the maximum absorbance of light. For functional group identification, FTIR analysis was conducted. X-ray diffraction analysis explained structural composition and various other parameters i.e., crystal size and diameter, which was further verified by Vesta software. Surface morphology of GNDs was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. AFM analysis of GNDs demonstrates the topography of the surface. The photo degradation of the indigo carmine dye by the GNDs also demonstrates their superiority as UV-visible light driven photo catalysts. To evaluate the results, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the degradation reactions are examined. The effects of several factors, such as temperature, initial concentration, time, pH and catalyst concentration, are also investigated. The data will be analyzed statistically by regression and correlation analysis using dependent and independent variables, regression coefficient and other statistical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Jamil
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Rabia Afzal
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Shabbir
- Super Light Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Norah Alhokbany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Songnan Li
- Harbin Normal University, Songbei Campus Harbin 150026 China
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François M, Lin KS, Rachmadona N, Khoo KS. Utilization of carbon-based nanomaterials for wastewater treatment and biogas enhancement: A state-of-the-art review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141008. [PMID: 38154673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The management of environmental pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a challenge that has spurred increased research interest in determining sustainable alternatives to decrease biowaste. This state-of-the-art review aimed to describe the preparation and utilization of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNM) for biogas enhancement and wastewater contaminant (dyes, color, and dust particles) removal. The novelty of this review is that we elucidated that the performance of CNMs in the anaerobic digestion (AD) varies from one system to another. In addition, this review revealed that increasing the pyrolysis temperature can facilitate the transition from one CNM type to another and outlined the methods that can be used to develop CNMs, including arc discharge, chemical exfoliation, and laser ablation. In addition, this study showed that methane (CH4) yield can be slightly increased (e.g. from 33.6% to 60.89%) depending on certain CNM factors, including its type, concentration, and feedstock. Temperature is a fundamental factor involved in the method and carbon sources used for CNM synthesis. This review determined that graphene oxide is not a good additive for biogas and CH4 yield improvement compared with other types of CNM, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. The efficacy of CNMs in wastewater treatment depends on the temperature and pH of the solution. Therefore, CNMs are good adsorbents for wastewater contaminant removal and are a promising alternative for CO2 emissions reduction. Further research is necessary to determine the relationship between CNM synthesis and preparation costs while accounting for other factors such as gas flow, feedstock, consumption time, and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurin François
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science/Environmental Technology Research Center, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li District, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan; Environmental Technology Research Center, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li District, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Song Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science/Environmental Technology Research Center, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li District, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan; Environmental Technology Research Center, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li District, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Nova Rachmadona
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Shen S, Pan X, Wang J, Bao T, Liu X, Tang Z, Xiu H, Li J. Size Effect of Graphene Oxide on Graphene-Aerogel-Supported Au Catalysts for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7042. [PMID: 37959639 PMCID: PMC10650518 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The lateral size of graphene nanosheets plays a critical role in the properties and microstructure of 3D graphene as well as their application as supports of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reactions (CRRs). Here, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with different lateral sizes (1.5, 5, and 14 µm) were utilized as building blocks for 3D graphene aerogel (GA) to research the size effects of GO on the CRR performances of 3D Au/GA catalysts. It was found that GO-L (14 µm) led to the formation of GA with large pores and a low surface area and that GO-S (1.5 µm) induced the formation of GA with a thicker wall and isolated pores, which were not conducive to the mass transfer of CO2 or its interaction with catalysts. Au/GA constructed with a suitable-sized GO (5 µm) exhibited a hierarchical porous network and the highest surface area and conductivity. As a result, Au/GA-M exhibited the highest Faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO (FECO = 81%) and CO/H2 ratio at -0.82 V (vs. a Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE)). This study indicates that for 3D GA-supported catalysts, there is a balance between the improvement of conductivity, the adsorption capacity of CO2, and the inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the CRR, which is related to the lateral size of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Nguyen VC, Nimbalkar DB, Hoang Huong V, Lee YL, Teng H. Elucidating the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of bicarbonate (aqueous CO 2) into formate and other organics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:918-928. [PMID: 37392682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under solar irradiation is an ideal approach to mitigating global warming, and reducing aqueous forms of CO2 that interact strongly with a catalyst (e.g., HCO3-) is a promising strategy to expedite such reductions. This study uses Pt-deposited graphene oxide dots as a model photocatalyst to elucidate the mechanism of HCO3- reduction. The photocatalyst steadily catalyzes the reduction of an HCO3- solution (at pH = 9) containing an electron donor under 1-sun illumination over a period of 60 h to produce H2 and organic compounds (formate, methanol, and acetate). H2 is derived from solution-contained H2O, which undergoes photocatalytic cleavage to produce •H atoms. Isotopic analysis reveals that all of the organics formed via interactions between HCO3- and •H. This study proposes mechanistic steps, which are governed by the reacting behavior of the •H, to correlate the electron transfer steps and product formation of this photocatalysis. This photocatalysis achieves overall apparent quantum efficiency of 27% in the formation of reaction products under monochromatic irradiation at 420 nm. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of aqueous-phase photocatalysis in converting aqueous CO2 into valuable chemicals and the importance of H2O-derived •H in governing the product selectivity and formation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Can Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Dipak B Nimbalkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Vu Hoang Huong
- Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yuh-Lang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsisheng Teng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Vinoth V, Kaimal R, Selvamani M, Michael R, Pugazhenthiran N, Mangalaraja RV, Valdés H, Anandan S. Synergistic impact of nanoarchitectured GQDs-AgNCs(APTS) modified glassy carbon electrode in the electrochemical detection of guanine and adenine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Design of zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots based nanostructures for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in food and water: A review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sahylí Ortega Pijeira M, Menezes da Silva A, Basílio de Almeida Fechine P, Qaiser Shah S, Ilem-Ozdemir D, López EO, Terzi Maricato J, Santoro Rosa D, Ricci-Junior E, Alves Junior S, Magalhães Rebelo Alencar L, Santos-Oliveira R. Folic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, Radiolabeling with Radium-223 and Antiviral Effect against Zika Virus Infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:91-100. [PMID: 36154904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of graphene quantum dots as biomedical devices and drug delivery systems has been increasing. The nano-platform of pure carbon has shown unique properties and is approved to be safe for human use. In this study, we successfully produced and characterized folic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQD-FA) to evaluate their antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in vitro, and for radiolabeling with the alpha-particle emitting radionuclide radium-223. The in vitro results exhibited the low cytotoxicity of the nanoprobe GQD-FA in Vero E6 cells and the antiviral effect against replication of the ZIKV infection. In addition, our findings demonstrated that functionalization with folic acid doesn't improve the antiviral effect of graphene quantum dots against ZIVK replication in vitro. On the other hand, the radiolabeled nanoprobe 223Ra@GQD-FA was also produced as confirmed by the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy analysis. 223Ra@GQD-FA might expand the application of alpha targeted therapy using radium-223 in folate receptor-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sahylí Ortega Pijeira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Basílio de Almeida Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat) - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Syed Qaiser Shah
- Biochemistry and Nuclear Medicine Research Laboratory, Institute ofChemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120 K.P, Pakistan
| | - Derya Ilem-Ozdemir
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Elvis O López
- Department of Experimetal Low Energy Physics, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro 22290180, Brazil
| | - Juliana Terzi Maricato
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021001, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021001, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Severino Alves Junior
- Laboratório de Terras Raras, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza (CCEN), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-560, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro State University, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Zheng W. Quantum Dots Compete at the Acme of MXene Family for the Optimal Catalysis. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:158. [PMID: 35916985 PMCID: PMC9346050 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that two-dimensional (2D) MXene-derived quantum dots (MQDs) inherit the excellent physicochemical properties of the parental MXenes, as a Chinese proverb says, "Indigo blue is extracted from the indigo plant, but is bluer than the plant it comes from." Therefore, 0D QDs harvest larger surface-to-volume ratio, outstanding optical properties, and vigorous quantum confinement effect. Currently, MQDs trigger enormous research enthusiasm as an emerging star of functional materials applied to physics, chemistry, biology, energy conversion, and storage. Since the surface properties of small-sized MQDs include the type of surface functional groups, the functionalized surface directly determines their performance. As the Nobel Laureate Wolfgang Pauli says, "God made the bulk, but the surface was invented by the devil," and it is just on the basis of the abundant surface functional groups, there is lots of space to be thereof excavated from MQDs. We are witnessing such excellence and even more promising to be expected. Nowadays, MQDs have been widely applied to catalysis, whereas the related reviews are rarely reported. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of MQDs in catalysis over the past five years, ranging from the origin and development of MQDs, synthetic routes of MQDs, and functionalized MQDs to advanced characterization techniques. To explore the diversity of catalytic application and perspectives of MQDs, our review will stimulate more efforts toward the synthesis of optimal MQDs and thereof designing high-performance MQDs-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials MOE, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, and Electron Microscopy Center, and International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials MOE, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, and Electron Microscopy Center, and International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials MOE, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, and Electron Microscopy Center, and International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Mokoloko LL, Forbes RP, Coville NJ. The Transformation of 0-D Carbon Dots into 1-, 2- and 3-D Carbon Allotropes: A Minireview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2515. [PMID: 35893483 PMCID: PMC9330435 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) represent a relatively new type of carbon allotrope with a 0-D structure and with nanoparticle sizes < 10 nm. A large number of research articles have been published on the synthesis, characteristics, mechanisms and applications of this carbon allotrope. Many of these articles have also shown that CDs can be synthesized from “bottom-up” and “top-down” methods. The “top-down” methods are dominated by the breaking down of large carbon structures such as fullerene, graphene, carbon black and carbon nanotubes into the CDs. What is less known is that CDs also have the potential to be used as carbon substrates for the synthesis of larger carbon structures such as 1-D carbon nanotubes, 2-D or 3-D graphene-based nanosheets and 3-D porous carbon frameworks. Herein, we present a review of the synthesis strategies used to convert the 0-D carbons into these higher-dimensional carbons. The methods involve the use of catalysts or thermal procedures to generate the larger structures. The surface functional groups on the CDs, typically containing nitrogen and oxygen, appear to be important in the process of creating the larger carbon structures that typically are formed via the generation of covalent bonds. The CD building blocks can also ‘aggregate’ to form so called supra-CDs. The mechanism for the formation of the structures made from CDs, the physical properties of the CDs and their applications (for example in energy devices and as reagents for use in medicinal fields) will also be discussed. We hope that this review will serve to provide valuable insights into this area of CD research and a novel viewpoint on the exploration of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil J. Coville
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis and the Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (L.L.M.); (R.P.F.)
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Nazarkovsky M, Mikhraliieva A, Achete CA, Alves LA, Araujo J, Archanjo BS, de Barros JJF, Cardoso LMDF, Couceiro JNSS, Marques FD, Oliveira BS, de Souza RND, Teixeira AJ, Vasconcelos TL, Zaitsev V. Rational design of large flat nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots with green-luminescence suitable for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14342-14355. [PMID: 35702221 PMCID: PMC9096629 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational synthesis and simple methodology for the purification of large (35-45 nm in lateral size) and flat (1.0-1.5 nm of height) nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) are presented. The methodology allows robust metal-free and acid-free preparation of N-GOQDs with a yield of about 100% and includes hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide with hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. It was demonstrated that macroscopic impurities can be separated from N-GOQD suspension by their coagulation with 0.9% NaCl solution. Redispersible in water and saline solutions, particles of N-GOQDs were characterized using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), photoluminescent, XPS, and UV-VIS spectroscopies. The size and morphology of N-GOQDs were studied by dynamic light scattering, AFM, SEM, and TEM. The procedure proposed allows nitrogen-doped GOQDs to be obtained, having 60-51% of carbon, 34-45% of oxygen, and up to 7.2% of nitrogen. The N-GOQD particles obtained in two hours of synthesis contain only pyrrolic defects of the graphene core. The fraction of pyridine moieties grows with the time of synthesis, while the fraction of quaternary nitrogen declines. Application of TERS allows demonstration that the N-GOQDs consist of a graphene core with an average crystallite size of 9 nm and an average distance between nearest defects smaller than 3 nm. The cytotoxicity tests reveal high viability of the monkey epithelial kidney cells Vero in the presence of N-GOQDs in a concentration below 60 mg L-1. The N-GOQDs demonstrate green luminescence with an emission maximum at 505 nm and sedimentation stability in the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nazarkovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Marques de Sao Vicente, 225 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Albina Mikhraliieva
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Marques de Sao Vicente, 225 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Carlos A Achete
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Joyce Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Bráulio S Archanjo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | | | - Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Cardoso
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 21045-900 Brazil
| | - José Nelson S S Couceiro
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Davi Marques
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Bruno S Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Rafael Nascimento Dias de Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Ayla Josma Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Thiago L Vasconcelos
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Inmetro Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém Duque de Caxias 25250-020 Brazil
| | - Vladimir Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Marques de Sao Vicente, 225 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy 2 Skovorody Vul. Kyiv 04070 Ukraine
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Dorontić S, Jovanović S, Bonasera A. Shedding Light on Graphene Quantum Dots: Key Synthetic Strategies, Characterization Tools, and Cutting-Edge Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206153. [PMID: 34683745 PMCID: PMC8539078 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the last 20 years, the scientific community has shown growing interest towards carbonaceous nanomaterials due to their appealing mechanical, thermal, and optical features, depending on the specific nanoforms. Among these, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) recently emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials due to their outstanding electrical properties, chemical stability, and intense and tunable photoluminescence, as it is witnessed by a booming number of reported applications, ranging from the biological field to the photovoltaic market. To date, a plethora of synthetic protocols have been investigated to modulate the portfolio of features that GQDs possess and to facilitate the use of these materials for target applications. Considering the number of publications and the rapid evolution of this flourishing field of research, this review aims at providing a broad overview of the most widely established synthetic protocols and offering a detailed review of some specific applications that are attracting researchers’ interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Dorontić
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Palermo Research Unit, Department of Physics and Chemistry—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.B.)
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13
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Zhang W, Sigdel G, Mintz KJ, Seven ES, Zhou Y, Wang C, Leblanc RM. Carbon Dots: A Future Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrating Nanomedicine and Drug Nanocarrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5003-5016. [PMID: 34326638 PMCID: PMC8316758 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s318732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the biggest challenges in modern medicine due to the BBB's highly semipermeable property that limits most therapeutic agents of brain diseases to enter the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, nanoparticles, especially carbon dots (CDs), exhibit many unprecedented applications for drug delivery. Several types of CDs and CD-ligand conjugates have been reported successfully penetrating the BBB, which shows a promising progress in the application of CD-based drug delivery system (DDS) for the treatment of CNS diseases. In this review, our discussion of CDs includes their classification, preparations, structures, properties, and applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and brain tumor. Moreover, abundant functional groups on the surface, especially amine and carboxyl groups, allow CDs to conjugate with diverse drugs as versatile drug nanocarriers. In addition, structure of the BBB is briefly described, and mechanisms for transporting various molecules across the BBB and other biological barriers are elucidated. Most importantly, recent developments in drug delivery with CDs as BBB-penetrating nanodrugs and drug nanocarriers to target CNS diseases especially Alzheimer's disease and brain tumor are summarized. Eventually, future prospects of the CD-based DDS are discussed in combination with the development of artificial intelligence and nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Ganesh Sigdel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Elif S Seven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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15
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Nguyen VC, Nimbalkar DB, Nam LD, Lee YL, Teng H. Photocatalytic Cellulose Reforming for H2 and Formate Production by Using Graphene Oxide-Dot Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Can Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Dipak B. Nimbalkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Le D. Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsisheng Teng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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16
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Outstanding Graphene Quantum Dots from Carbon Source for Biomedical and Corrosion Inhibition Applications: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQD) is an efficient nanomaterial composed of one or more layers of graphene with unique properties that combine both graphene and carbon dots (CDs). It can be synthesized using carbon-rich materials as precursors, such as graphite, macromolecules polysaccharides, and fullerene. This contribution emphasizes the utilization of GQD-based materials in the fields of sensing, bioimaging, energy storage, and corrosion inhibitors. Inspired by these numerous applications, various synthetic approaches have been developed to design and fabricate GQD, particularly bottom-up and top-down processes. In this context, the prime goal of this review is to emphasize possible eco-friendly and sustainable methodologies that have been successfully employed in the fabrication of GQDs. Furthermore, the fundamental and experimental aspects associated with GQDs such as possible mechanisms, the impact of size, surface alteration, and doping with other elements, together with their technological and industrial applications have been envisaged. Till now, understanding simple photo luminance (PL) operations in GQDs is very critical as well as there are various methods derived from the optical properties of manufactured GQDs can differ. Lack of determining exact size and morphology is highly required without loss of their optical features. Finally, GQDs are promising candidates in the after-mentioned application fields.
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Cunci L, González-Colón V, Vargas-Pérez BL, Ortiz-Santiago J, Pagán M, Carrion P, Cruz J, Molina-Ontoria A, Martinez N, Silva W, Echegoyen L, Cabrera CR. Multicolor Fluorescent Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for Sensing Cancer Cell Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:211-219. [PMID: 34142014 PMCID: PMC8205432 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Onion-like carbon nanoparticles were synthesized from diamond nanoparticles to be used as the precursor for graphene oxide quantum dots. Onion-like carbon nanoparticles were exfoliated to produce two types of nanoparticles, graphene oxide quantum dots that showed size-dependent fluorescence and highly stable inner cores. Multicolor fluorescent quantum dots were obtained and characterized using different techniques. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a range of emission wavelengths spanning from red to blue with the highest intensity shown by green fluorescence. Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we calculated a unit cell size of 2.47 Å in a highly oxidized and defected structure of graphene oxide. A diameter of ca. 4 nm and radius of gyration of ca. 11 Å were calculated using small-angle X-ray scattering. Finally, the change in fluorescence of the quantum dots was studied when single-stranded DNA that is recognized by telomerase was attached to the quantum dots. Their interaction with the telomerase present in cancer cells was observed and a change was seen after six days, providing an important application of these modified graphene oxide quantum dots for cancer sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Viviana González-Colón
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Brenda Lee Vargas-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Joed Ortiz-Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Miraida Pagán
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Paola Carrion
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Jomari Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Agustin Molina-Ontoria
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Namyr Martinez
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Walter Silva
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Carlos R. Cabrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad STE 1701, 6, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925, United States
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18
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Tufano I, Vecchione R, Netti PA. Methods to Scale Down Graphene Oxide Size and Size Implication in Anti-cancer Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:613280. [PMID: 33425877 PMCID: PMC7785890 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.613280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the origin and development of cancer, with improved diagnosis and treatment, this disease remains a major public health challenge with a considerable impact on the social and economic system, as well as on the individual. One way to improve effectiveness and reduce side effects is to consider responsive stimuli delivery systems that provide tailor-made release profiles with excellent spatial and temporal control. 2D nanomaterials possess special physicochemical properties (e.g., light, ultrasonic and magnetic responses) and biological behaviors such as endocytosis, biodistribution, biodegradation, and excretory pathways, which lead to their use in various biomedical applications. In particular, among 2D nanomaterials, graphene and its derivatives, namely graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterials, have attracted enormous attention in cancer diagnosis and therapy because they combine, in a unique material, extremely small size, NIR absorption, delocalized electrons, extremely high surface area, and versatile surface functionality. Taking into account the fundamental role played by GO size, in this review, we summarize the main methods employed to reduce and homogenize in nanometric scale the lateral dimensions of graphene oxide produced by chemical exfoliation of graphite, as well as post-synthesis separation techniques to uniform the size. We also discuss the implication of the small size in cancer treatment by exploiting GO nanocarriers as an effective theranostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Tufano
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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19
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Pierrat P, Gaumet JJ. Graphene quantum dots: Emerging organic materials with remarkable and tunable luminescence features. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Ouarrad H, Ramadan FZ, Drissi LB. Engineering silicon-carbide quantum dots for third generation photovoltaic cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36656-36667. [PMID: 33379755 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interested in the recent development of the building up of photovoltaic devices using graphene-like quantum dots as a novel electron acceptor; we study in this work the optoelectronic properties of edge-functionalized SiC quantum dots using the first principles density functional. For an accurate quantitative estimation of key parameters, a many-body perturbation theory within GW approximation is also performmed. We examine the ability to tailor the electronic gap and optical absorption of the new class of QDs through hydroxylation and carboxylation of seam atoms, in order to improve their photovoltaic efficiency. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap was significantly altered in terms of the type, the concentration and the position of functional groups. The spatial charge separation and charge transfer characterizing our systems seem very prominent to use as dye-sensitized solar cells. Furthermore, the optical band gap of all our compounds is in the NIR-visible energy window, and exhibits a magnitude smaller than that calculated in the pristine case, which enhances the photovoltaic efficiency. Likewise, absorption curves, exciton binding energy and singlet-triplet energy splitting have been broadly modified by functionalization confirming the great luminescent yield of SiCQDs. Depending on the size, SiC quantum dots absorb light from the visible to the near-infrared region of the solar spectrum, making them suitable for third generation solar cells.
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21
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Cationically Modified Nanocrystalline Cellulose/Carboxyl-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots Nanocomposite Thin Film: Characterization and Potential Sensing Application. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, highly functional cationically modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)/carboxyl-functionalized graphene quantum dots (CGQD) has been described. The surface of NCC was first modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTA) before combining with CGQD. The CGQD, CTA-NCC and CTA-NCC/CGQD nanocomposites thin films were prepared using spin coating technique. The obtained nanocomposite thin films were then characterized by using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which confirmed the existence of hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups and alkyl groups in CTA-NCC/CGQD. The optical properties of the thin films were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The absorption of CTA-NCC/CGQD was high with an optical band gap of 4.127 eV. On the other hand, the CTA-NCC/CGQD nanocomposite thin film showed positive responses towards glucose solution of different concentration using an optical method based on surface plasmon resonance phenomenon. This work suggests that the novel nanocomposite thin film has potential for a sensing application in glucose detection.
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22
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Kanwal S, Jahan S, Mansoor F. An ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of leather-derived luminescent graphene quantum dots: catalytic reduction and switch on-off probe for nitro-explosives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22959-22965. [PMID: 35520351 PMCID: PMC9054728 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03715j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research effort demonstrates the ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) of ∼5 nm diameter. First, acid pyrolysis with ultrasonic hydrothermal co-cutting breaks down the coarse graphite into nanometric graphene sheets (GS) and graphene oxide sheets (GOS) with oxygen-rich functionalities. These functionalities were then used to break GOS into graphene oxide nanofibers (GONFs) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs). Finally, upon reduction, GOQDs lose oxygen linkages to produce fluorescent GQDs (quantum yield up to 27%). The as-developed GQDs were characterized with detailed optical and spectral studies through UV, PL, FTIR, TEM, AFM, XPS, XRD and other techniques. Notably, the synthesized GQDs were catalytically active to serve as a ratiometric fluorescence switch on-off probe for the reduction of toxic nitrophenols. Moreover, the GQDs detected nitrophenol derivatives at lower concentrations than previously reported analytical values. During the real sample analysis of spiked industrial water and exposed soil samples, a high selectivity and sensitivity of the applied method was achieved with a recovery of 99.7% to 101.3% at spiked concentrations of 400 nM to 100 nM, respectively. The detection limit of the photoluminescent probe for paranitrophenol was as low as 10 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsa Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- ICCBS, H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi 75270 Karachi Pakistan
| | - Shanaz Jahan
- ICCBS, H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi 75270 Karachi Pakistan
| | - Farukh Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan
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Anas NAA, Fen YW, Yusof NA, Omar NAS, Ramdzan NSM, Daniyal WMEMM. Investigating the Properties of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide/Hydroxylated Graphene Quantum Dots Thin Film for Potential Optical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2591. [PMID: 32517196 PMCID: PMC7321556 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The modification of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) may drastically enhance their properties, therefore resulting in various related applications. This paper reported the preparation of novel cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/hydroxylated graphene quantum dots (CTAB/HGQDs) thin film using the spin coating technique. The properties of the thin film were then investigated and studied. The functional groups existing in CTAB/HGQDs thin film were confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the atomic force microscope (AFM) displayed a homogenous surface of the thin film with an increase in surface roughness upon modification. Optical characterizations using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy revealed a high absorption with an optical band gap of 4.162 eV. Additionally, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra illustrated the maximum emission peak of CTAB/HGQDs thin film at a wavelength of 444 nm. The sensing properties of the as-prepared CTAB/HGQDs thin film were studied using a surface plasmon resonance technique towards the detection of several heavy metal ions (HMIs) (Zn2+, Ni2+, and Fe3+). This technique generated significant results and showed that CTAB/HGQDs thin film has great potential for HMIs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ain Asyiqin Anas
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (N.A.S.O.); (W.M.E.M.M.D.)
- Physics Unit, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yap Wing Fen
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (N.A.S.O.); (W.M.E.M.M.D.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Azah Yusof
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Alia Sheh Omar
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (N.A.S.O.); (W.M.E.M.M.D.)
| | - Nur Syahira Md Ramdzan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mohd Ebtisyam Mustaqim Mohd Daniyal
- Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (N.A.S.O.); (W.M.E.M.M.D.)
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