1
|
Le ANM, Erturk MY, Shim YH, Rogers SA, Kokini J. A critical study of the nonlinear rheological properties in major classes of foods using the Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) method and the Fourier Transform Coupled with Chebyshev Decomposition (FTC) method. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113587. [PMID: 37986453 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear rheological behaviors of three different classes of foods (emulsion, suspension, and elastic network) were studied and analyzed using the Rogers Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) method and the Ewoldt-McKinley method of coupling Fourier Transform with Chebyshev Decomposition (FTC). SPP analysis led to instantaneous rheological parameters G't and G″t at any point in time, providing a more accurate picture of the linear viscoelastic region and crossover points by the 3D amplitude sweep. When G't is plotted against G″t, the resulting graph is a deltoid which offers a detailed and distinctive intracycle behavior of each class of food. Analyzing the revolution of deltoids with increasing strain allows for the determination of a critical strain, beyond which irreversible network breakdown occurs. The strain range between the linear viscoelastic limit and the critical strain found in SPP is comparable to the MAOS region as determined with FTC. Under increasing amplitude, predominantly elastic networks showed a gradual structural rearrangement, while more erratic and abrupt changes were observed in the suspension and emulsion we studied. Under increasing frequency, elastic responses dominate viscous responses in all samples due to the shorter experimental time, allowing less relaxation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nghi Minh Le
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Yul Hui Shim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Simon A Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jozef Kokini
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fabrication of Monarda citriodora essential oil nanoemulsions: characterization and antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum of kinnow. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
3
|
Eshraghian A, Kamkar M, Sundararaj U. Asphaltene/Polymer Composites: Morphology, Compatibility, and Rheological Properties. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Eshraghian
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Alaee P, Kamkar M, Arjmand M. Fumed Silica-Based Suspensions for Shear Thickening Applications: A Full-Scale Rheological Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5006-5019. [PMID: 35413198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding shear thickening fluids (STFs) is critically important in a broad spectrum of fields ranging from biology to military. STFs are referred to the suspension of solid particles in an inert carrier liquid. Customizing the thickening behavior is vital for obtaining desired properties. Hence, comprehending shear thickening mechanisms is necessary to fully understand the factors affecting the shear thickening response of the STFs. Herein, we systematically investigate the effects of a wide range of parameters, from inherent properties of the constituents, including size and surface chemistry of the suspended particles, to practical conditions such as temperature and shear history, on the shear thickening behavior of fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs)-based suspensions in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) medium. Accordingly, increasing the hydrophobicity of the silica NPs or decreasing the NP size transforms the suspensions from sol to gel. The sol systems exhibit a strong shear thickening response, while shear thinning behavior is prominent in the strong gel systems. Hybridization of different silica NPs is also leveraged to tune the shear thickening behavior. In addition, we showcase the decisive role of operating temperature or shear history on the shear thickening behavior of suspensions. For instance, in terms of the shear history, above a critical value of preshear, the shear thickening behavior occurs at lower shear rates for STFs containing hydrophilic NPs. It is believed that the provided insights in this study can pave the way for developing advanced STFs with prescribed features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Alaee
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Erfanian E, Kamkar M, Pawar SP, Keteklahijani YZ, Arjmand M, Sundararaj U. A Simple Approach to Control the Physical and Chemical Features of Custom-Synthesized N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes and the Extent of Their Network Formation in Polymers: The Importance of Catalyst to Substrate Ratio. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234156. [PMID: 34883659 PMCID: PMC8659621 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study intends to reveal the significance of the catalyst to substrate ratio (C/S) on the structural and electrical features of the carbon nanotubes and their polymeric nanocomposites. Here, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-MWNT) was synthesized via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using three ratios (by weight) of iron (Fe) catalyst to aluminum oxide (Al2O3) substrate, i.e.,1/9, 1/4, and 2/3, by changing the Fe concentration, i.e., 10, 20, and 40 wt.% Fe. Therefore, the synthesized N-MWNT are labelled as (N-MWNTs)10, (N-MWNTs)20, and (N-MWNTs)40. TEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA characterizations revealed that C/S ratio has a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of the nanotubes. For instance, by increasing the Fe catalyst from 10 to 40 wt.%, carbon purity increased from 60 to 90 wt.% and the length of the nanotubes increased from 1.2 to 2.6 µm. Interestingly, regarding nanotube morphology, at the highest C/S ratio, the N-MWNTs displayed an open-channel structure, while at the lowest catalyst concentration the nanotubes featured a bamboo-like structure. Afterwards, the network characteristics of the N-MWNTs in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix were studied using imaging techniques, AC electrical conductivity, and linear and nonlinear rheological measurements. The nanocomposites were prepared via a melt-mixing method at various loadings of the synthesized N-MWNTs. The rheological results confirmed that (N-MWNTs)10, at 0.5–2.0 wt.%, did not form any substantial network through the PVDF matrix, thereby exhibiting an electrically insulative behavior, even at a higher concentration of 3.0 wt.%. Although the optical microscopy, TEM, and rheological results confirmed that both (N-MWNTs)20 and (N-MWNTs)40 established a continuous 3D network within the PVDF matrix, (N-MWNTs)40/PVDF nanocomposites exhibited approximately one order of magnitude higher electrical conductivity. The higher electrical conductivity of (N-MWNTs)40/PVDF nanocomposites is attributed to the intrinsic chemical features of (N-MWNTs)40, such as nitrogen content and nitrogen bonding types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Erfanian
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (S.P.P.); (Y.Z.K.)
| | - Milad Kamkar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Shital Patangrao Pawar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (S.P.P.); (Y.Z.K.)
| | - Yalda Zamani Keteklahijani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (S.P.P.); (Y.Z.K.)
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.E.); (S.P.P.); (Y.Z.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-210-6549; Fax: +1-403-2844852
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Otero Navas I, Kamkar M, Arjmand M, Sundararaj U. Morphology Evolution, Molecular Simulation, Electrical Properties, and Rheology of Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blend Nanocomposites: Effect of Molecular Interaction between Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer and Carbon Nanotube. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020230. [PMID: 33440844 PMCID: PMC7827940 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the impact of three types of styrene-butadiene (SB and SBS) block copolymers on the morphology, electrical, and rheological properties of immiscible blends of polypropylene:polystyrene (PP:PS)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a fixed blend ratio of 70:30 vol.%. The addition of block copolymers to PP:PS/MWCNT blend nanocomposites produced a decrease in the droplet size. MWCNTs, known to induce co-continuity in PP:PS blends, did not interfere with the copolymer migration to the interface and, thus, there was morphology refinement upon addition of the copolymers. Interestingly, the addition of the block copolymers decreased the electrical resistivity of the PP:PS/1.0 vol.% MWCNT system by 5 orders of magnitude (i.e., increase in electrical conductivity). This improvement was attributed to PS Droplets-PP-Copolymer-Micelle assemblies, which accumulated MWCNTs, and formed an integrated network for electrical conduction. Molecular simulation and solubility parameters were used to predict the MWCNT localization in the immiscible blend. The simulation results showed that diblock copolymers favorably interact with the nanotubes in comparison to the triblock copolymer, PP, and PS. However, the interaction between the copolymers and PP or PS is stronger than the interaction of the copolymers and MWCNTs. Hence, the addition of copolymer also changed the localization of MWCNT from PS to PS–PP–Micelles–Interface, as observed by TEM images. In addition, in the last step of this work, we investigated the effect of the addition of copolymers on inter- and intra-cycle viscoelastic behavior of the MWCNT incorporated polymer blends. It was found that addition of the copolymers not only affects the linear viscoelasticity (e.g., increase in the value of the storage modulus) but also dramatically impacts the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior under large deformations (e.g., higher distortion of Lissajous–Bowditch plots).]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Otero Navas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamkar M, Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Amini M, Ghaderi S, Arjmand M. Multilayer polymeric nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding: fabrication, mechanisms, and prospects. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04626h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of multilayer EMI shield opens a creative avenue for designing and constructing flexible nanocomposite films simultaneously featuring excellent EMI shielding performance, fascinating heat removal ability, and robust mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Majed Amini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Saeed Ghaderi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|