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Wardhana BS, Wang KW, Hung WH, Tsao IY, Chen PC, Jang JSC, Hsu SC, Lee SW. Highly Nanoporous Nickel Foam as Current Collectors in 3D All-Solid-State Microsupercapacitors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37355-37364. [PMID: 39246461 PMCID: PMC11375808 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
This study reports a streamlined method for producing a highly nanoporous current collector with a substantial specific surface area, serving as an electrode for microsupercapacitors (MSCs). Initially, commercial Ni foams are patterned into an interdigitated structure by laser cutting. Subsequently, the Ni foams are infused with NiO nanopowders through dip coating, sintering, and reduction in an H2 atmosphere, followed by the growth of MnO2 through a redox reaction. The incorporation of NiO within this three-dimensional Ni current collector results in notable porosity within the range of approximately 200-600 nm. Such a 3D, highly nanoporous electrode dramatically increases the specific surface area by 30 times and substantially boosts the amount of active material deposition, surpassing those of commercially available Ni foams. Performance evaluations of this highly nanoporous electrode in a 1 M KOH solution demonstrate an areal capacity of 19.3 F/cm2, retaining more than 95% capacitance at 5 mA/cm2, and exhibiting an energy density of 671 μW h/cm2, 25 times greater than commercial Ni foams. Moreover, in the realm of solid-state applications for MSCs, the remarkably high porous electrode achieves a commendable areal capacity of 7.22 F/cm2 and an energy density of 263.9 μW h/cm2, rendering it exceptionally suitable for use in MSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu Satriya Wardhana
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang City 65145, Indonesia
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Hsuan Hung
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Yu Tsao
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Ching Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jason Shian-Ching Jang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Wei Lee
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate College of Sustainability and Green Energy, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, ROC
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2
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Adaikalam K, Teli AM, Marimuthu KP, Ramesh S, Lee H, Kim HS, Kim HS. Energy Storage Application of CaO/Graphite Nanocomposite Powder Obtained from Waste Eggshells and Used Lithium-Ion Batteries as a Sustainable Development Approach. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1129. [PMID: 38998734 PMCID: PMC11243355 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of waste materials has recently become appealing due to pollution and cost reduction factors. Using waste materials can reduce environmental pollution and product costs, thus promoting sustainability. Approximately 95% of calcium carbonate-containing waste eggshells end up in landfills, unused. These eggshells, a form of bio-waste, can be repurposed as catalytic electrode material for various applications, including supercapacitors, after being converted into CaO. Similarly, used waste battery electrode materials pose environmental hazards if not properly recycled. Various types of batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries, are extensively used worldwide. The recycling of used lithium-ion batteries has become less important considering its low economic benefits. This necessitates finding alternative methods to recover and reuse the graphite rods of spent batteries. Therefore, this study reports the conversion of waste eggshell into calcium oxide by high-temperature calcination and extraction of nanographite from spent batteries for application in energy storage fields. Both CaO and CaO/graphite were characterized for their structural, morphological, and chemical compositions using XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS techniques. The prepared CaO/graphite nanocomposite material was evaluated for its efficiency in electrochemical supercapacitor applications. CaO and its composite with graphite powder obtained from used lithium-ion batteries demonstrated improved performance compared to CaO alone for energy storage applications. Using these waste materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices results in cheaper, greener, and sustainable processes. This approach not only aids in energy storage but also promotes sustainability through waste management by reducing landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathalingam Adaikalam
- Millimeter-Wave Innovation Technology (MINT) Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Aviraj M Teli
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sivalingam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungyil Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shivasharma TK, Upadhyay N, Deshmukh TB, Sankapal BR. Exploring Vacuum-Assisted Thin Films toward Supercapacitor Applications: Present Status and Future Prospects. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37685-37719. [PMID: 37867670 PMCID: PMC10586283 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Demand for high-performance energy storage devices is growing tremendously. Supercapacitors possess an excellent candidature to fulfill the energy storage requisites such as high energy density when compared to conventional capacitors, high power density, and cycling stability as compared to batteries, though not only for large-scale devices for higher energy/power density applications but also for macro- to microdevices for miniaturized electrical components. With the aid of various routes, many materials have been explored with well-tuned properties with controlled surface architecture through various preparative parameters to find those best suited for supercapacitive electrodes. Growth of a thin film can be accomplished through chemical or physical (vacuum-assisted) routes. Vacuum-assisted (physical) growth yields high purity, precise dimensions with a line-of-sight deposition, along with high adhesion between the film and the substrates, and hence, these techniques are necessary to manufacture many macro- to microscale supercapacitor devices. Still, much effort has not been put forth to explore vacuum-assisted techniques to fabricate supercapacitive electrodes and energy storage applications. The present review explores the first comprehensive report on the growth of widespread materials through vacuum-assisted physical deposition techniques inclusive of thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation, sputtering, and laser beam ablation toward supercapacitive energy storage applications on one platform. The theoretical background of nucleation and growth through physical deposition, optimization of process parameters, and characterization to supercapacitor applications from macro- to microscale devices has been well explored to a provide critical analysis with literature-reviewed materials. The review ends with future challenges to bring out upcoming prospects to further enhance supercapacitive performance, as much work and materials need to be explored through these routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kedara Shivasharma
- Nano Materials and Device
Laboratory, Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010 M.S., India
| | - Nakul Upadhyay
- Nano Materials and Device
Laboratory, Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010 M.S., India
| | - Tushar Balasaheb Deshmukh
- Nano Materials and Device
Laboratory, Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010 M.S., India
| | - Babasaheb R. Sankapal
- Nano Materials and Device
Laboratory, Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010 M.S., India
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4
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Ghanem RM, Kospa DA, Ahmed AI, Ibrahim AA, Gebreil A. Construction of thickness-controllable bimetallic sulfides/reduced graphene oxide as a binder-free positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29252-29269. [PMID: 37809023 PMCID: PMC10551804 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Devices for electrochemical energy storage with exceptional capacitance and rate performance, outstanding energy density, simple fabrication, long-term stability, and remarkable reversibility have always been in high demand. Herein, a high-performance binder-free electrode (3D NiCuS/rGO) was fabricated as a supercapacitor by a simple electrodeposition process on a Ni foam (NF) surface. The thickness of the deposited materials on the NF surface was adjusted by applying a low cycle number of cyclic voltammetry (5 cycles) which produced a thin layer and thus enabled the easier penetration of electrolytes to promote electron and charge transfer. The NiCuS was anchored by graphene layers producing nicely integrated materials leading to a higher electroconductivity and a larger surface area electrode. The as-fabricated electrode displayed a high specific capacitance (2211.029 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1). The NiCuS/rGO/NF//active carbon device can achieve a stable voltage window of 1.5 V with a highly specific capacitance of 84.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. At a power density of 749 W kg-1, a satisfactory energy density of 26.3 W h kg-1 was achieved, with outstanding coulombic efficiency of 100% and an admirable life span of 96.2% after 10 000 GCD cycles suggesting the significant potential of the as-prepared materials for practical supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramage M Ghanem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Al-Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Doaa A Kospa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Al-Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Awad I Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Al-Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Amr Awad Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Al-Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gebreil
- Nile Higher Institutes of Engineering and Technology El-Mansoura Egypt
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Yewale M, Kadam R, Kaushik N, Nguyen L, Nakate UT, Lingamdinne L, Koduru J, Auti P, Vattikuti S, Shin D. Electrochemical supercapacitor performance of NiCo2O4 nanoballs structured electrodes prepared via hydrothermal route with varying reaction time. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Bagheri A, Bellani S, Beydaghi H, Eredia M, Najafi L, Bianca G, Zappia MI, Safarpour M, Najafi M, Mantero E, Sofer Z, Hou G, Pellegrini V, Feng X, Bonaccorso F. Functionalized Metallic 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Solid-State Electrolyte for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16426-16442. [PMID: 36194759 PMCID: PMC9620411 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient and durable flexible solid-state supercapacitors (FSSSCs) are emerging as low-cost devices for portable and wearable electronics due to the elimination of leakage of toxic/corrosive liquid electrolytes and their capability to withstand elevated mechanical stresses. Nevertheless, the spread of FSSSCs requires the development of durable and highly conductive solid-state electrolytes, whose electrochemical characteristics must be competitive with those of traditional liquid electrolytes. Here, we propose an innovative composite solid-state electrolyte prepared by incorporating metallic two-dimensional group-5 transition metal dichalcogenides, namely, liquid-phase exfoliated functionalized niobium disulfide (f-NbS2) nanoflakes, into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymeric matrix. The terminal sulfonate groups in f-NbS2 nanoflakes interact with the sulfonic acid groups of SPEEK by forming a robust hydrogen bonding network. Consequently, the composite solid-state electrolyte is mechanically/dimensionally stable even at a degree of sulfonation of SPEEK as high as 70.2%. At this degree of sulfonation, the mechanical strength is 38.3 MPa, and thanks to an efficient proton transport through the Grotthuss mechanism, the proton conductivity is as high as 94.4 mS cm-1 at room temperature. To elucidate the importance of the interaction between the electrode materials (including active materials and binders) and the solid-state electrolyte, solid-state supercapacitors were produced using SPEEK and poly(vinylidene fluoride) as proton conducting and nonconducting binders, respectively. The use of our solid-state electrolyte in combination with proton-conducting SPEEK binder and carbonaceous electrode materials (mixture of activated carbon, single/few-layer graphene, and carbon black) results in a solid-state supercapacitor with a specific capacitance of 116 F g-1 at 0.02 A g-1, optimal rate capability (76 F g-1 at 10 A g-1), and electrochemical stability during galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and folding/bending stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bagheri
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Faculty of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Matilde Eredia
- BeDimensional
SpA, Lungotorrente Secca
30R, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Leyla Najafi
- BeDimensional
SpA, Lungotorrente Secca
30R, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bianca
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Milad Safarpour
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Informatica Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Universita Degli Studi di Genova, Via All’Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Maedeh Najafi
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Informatica Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), Universita Degli Studi di Genova, Via All’Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantero
- BeDimensional
SpA, Lungotorrente Secca
30R, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Guorong Hou
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- BeDimensional
SpA, Lungotorrente Secca
30R, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Faculty of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- BeDimensional
SpA, Lungotorrente Secca
30R, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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7
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Recent advances in flexible supercapacitors. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Marinaro M, Dsoke S. Advances in Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion/Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152512. [PMID: 35893480 PMCID: PMC9331878 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marinaro
- ZSW-Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Sonia Dsoke
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
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Laser-Induced Interdigital Structured Graphene Electrodes Based Flexible Micro-Supercapacitor for Efficient Peak Energy Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010329. [PMID: 35011558 PMCID: PMC8746467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly developing demand for lightweight portable electronics has accelerated advanced research on self-powered microsystems (SPMs) for peak power energy storage (ESs). In recent years, there has been, in this regard, a huge research interest in micro-supercapacitors for microelectronics application over micro-batteries due to their advantages of fast charge–discharge rate, high power density and long cycle-life. In this work, the optimization and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) by means of laser-induced interdigital structured graphene electrodes (LIG) has been reported. The flexible and scalable MSCs are fabricated by CO2-laser structuring of polyimide-based Kapton ® HN foils at ambient temperature yielding interdigital LIG-electrodes and using polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) produced by polypropylene carbonate (PPC) embedded ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-trifluoromethansulphonate [EMIM][OTf]. This MSC exhibits a wide stable potential window up to 2.0 V, offering an areal capacitance of 1.75 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 5.0 mV/s resulting in an energy density (Ea) of 0.256 µWh/cm2 @ 0.03 mA/cm2 and power density (Pa) of 0.11 mW/cm2 @0.1 mA/cm2. Overall electrochemical performance of this LIG/PGE-MSC is rounded with a good cyclic stability up to 10,000 cycles demonstrating its potential in terms of peak energy storage ability compared to the current thin film micro-supercapacitors.
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Ray A, Saruhan B. Application of Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Supercapacitors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2942. [PMID: 34072536 PMCID: PMC8197857 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the rapid development and demand of high-performance, lightweight, low cost, portable/wearable electronic devices in electrical vehicles, aerospace, medical systems, etc., strongly motivates researchers towards advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and technologies. The electrolyte is also one of the most significant components of EES devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. In addition to rapid ion transport and the stable electrochemical performance of electrolytes, great efforts are required to overcome safety issues due to flammability, leakage and thermal instability. A lot of research has already been completed on solid polymer electrolytes, but they are still lagging for practical application. Over the past few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes have been of considerable interest in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor applications and could be an important way to make breakthroughs for the next-generation EES systems. The high ionic conductivity, low melting point (lower than 100 °C), wide electrochemical potential window (up to 5-6 V vs. Li+/Li), good thermal stability, non-flammability, low volatility due to cation-anion combinations and the promising self-healing ability of ILs make them superior as "green" solvents for industrial EES applications. In this short review, we try to provide an overview of the recent research on ILs electrolytes, their advantages and challenges for next-generation Li-ion battery and supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilge Saruhan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of High-Temperature and Functional Coatings, Institute of Materials Research, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
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11
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Hernández-Gómez Á, Ramirez V, Guilbert D, Saldivar B. Self-Discharge of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Investigation for Modeling Purposes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:379. [PMID: 34067353 PMCID: PMC8224672 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The self-discharge phenomenon results in a decrease of the open-circuit voltage (OCV), which occurs when an electrochemical device is disconnected from the power source. Although the self-discharge phenomenon has widely been investigated for energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors, no previous works have been reported in the literature about this phenomenon for electrolyzers. For this reason, this work is mainly focused on investigating the self-discharge voltage that occurs in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. To investigate this voltage drop for modeling purposes, experiments have been performed on a commercial PEM electrolyzer to analyze the decrease in the OCV. One model was developed based on different tests carried out on a commercial-400 W PEM electrolyzer for the self-discharge voltage. The proposed model has been compared with the experimental data to assess its effectiveness in modeling the self-discharge phenomenon. Thus, by taking into account this voltage drop in the modeling, simulations with a higher degree of reliability were obtained when predicting the behavior of PEM electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Hernández-Gómez
- Department of Renewable Energy, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida P.C. 97205, Mexico; (Á.H.-G.); (V.R.)
| | - Victor Ramirez
- Department of Renewable Energy, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida P.C. 97205, Mexico; (Á.H.-G.); (V.R.)
- Cátedras CONACYT, Ciudad de México P.C. 03940, Mexico;
| | - Damien Guilbert
- Group of Research in Electrical Engineering of Nancy (GREEN), Université de Lorraine, GREEN, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Belem Saldivar
- Cátedras CONACYT, Ciudad de México P.C. 03940, Mexico;
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Ciudad de México, Toluca P.C. 50000, Mexico
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