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Liu L, Huang T, Yang X, Liu S, Wang S, Xiang L, Wang G, Kuai L. Microdrop-confined synthesis and regulation of porous hollow Ir-based catalysts for the mass transfer-enhanced electrolysis of pure water. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1081-1090. [PMID: 38395652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Maximally exploiting the active sites of iridium catalysts is essential for building low-cost proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers for green H2 production. Herein, we report a novel microdrop-confined fusion/blasting (MCFB) strategy for fabricating porous hollow IrO1-x microspheres (IrO1-x-PHM) by introducing explosive gas mediators from a NaNO3/glucose mixture. Moreover, the developed MCFB strategy is demonstrated to be general for synthesizing a series of Ir-based composites, including Ir-Cu, Ir-Ru, Ir-Pt, Ir-Rh, Ir-Pd, and Ir-Cu-Pd and other noble metals such as Rh, Ru, and Pt. The hollow structures can be regulated using different organics with NaNO3. The assembled PEM electrolyzer with IrO1-x-PHM as the anode catalyst (0.5 mg/cm2) displays an impressive polarization voltage of 1.593 and 1.726 V at current densities of 1 and 2A/cm2, respectively, outperforming commercial IrOx catalysts and most of the ever-reported iridium catalysts with such low catalyst loading. More importantly, the breakdown of the polarization loss indicates that the improved performance is due to the facilitated mass transport induced by the hollowness. This study offers a versatile platform for fabricating efficient Ir-based catalysts for PEM electrolyzers and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Production and Conversion of Green Hydrogen, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Production and Conversion of Green Hydrogen, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shunsheng Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Production and Conversion of Green Hydrogen, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Linlin Xiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Production and Conversion of Green Hydrogen, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Long Kuai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Production and Conversion of Green Hydrogen, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China.
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Baraean A, Kassas M, Alam MS, Abido MA. Physics-informed NN-based adaptive backstepping terminal sliding mode control of buck converter for PEM electrolyzer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29254. [PMID: 38633644 PMCID: PMC11021978 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes an advanced control approach to controlling a DC-DC buck converter for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer within the framework of a direct current (DC) microgrid. The proposed adaptive backstepping terminal sliding mode control (ABTSMC) leverages a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to accurately estimate and compensate for system uncertainty. The composite controller achieves finite-time convergence of the tracking error by combining backstepping control and terminal sliding mode control (TSMC). The proposed PINN aims to optimize the unconstrained parameters by utilizing observed training points from the solution, ensuring the network accurately interpolates a limited portion of the solution. The efficacy of the proposed hybrid control method is validated using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation under various test settings, ensuring the preservation of the actual performance of the PEM electrolyzer during testing. The experimental verification results demonstrate that the proposed control method exhibits greater benefits, such as a faster dynamic response and greater robustness against parameter uncertainties than improved sliding mode-based controllers. In situations where operational conditions change, a rapid response is achieved within a mere 0.025 s of settling time, exhibiting a minimal percentage overshoot of about 17.5 % and presenting minimal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Baraean
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kassas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Shafiul Alam
- Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abido
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (JRCAI), KFUPM, Saudi Arabia
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Di Stadio G, Orita I, Nakamura R, Fukui T. Gas fermentation combined with water electrolysis for production of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer from carbon dioxide by engineered Ralstonia eutropha. Bioresour Technol 2024; 394:130266. [PMID: 38159815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A recycled-gas closed-circuit culture system was developed for safe autotrophic cultivation of a hydrogen-oxidizing, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing Ralstonia eutropha, using a non-combustible gas mixture with low-concentration of H2 supplied by water electrolysis. Automated feedback regulation of gas flow enabled input of H2, CO2, and O2 well balanced with the cellular demands, leading to constant gas composition throughout the cultivation. The engineered strain of R. eutropha produced 1.71 g/L of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-12.5 mol% 3-hydroxyhexanoate) on a gas mixture of H2/CO2/O2/N2 = 4:12:7:77 vol% with a 69.2 wt% cellular content. Overexpression of can encoding cytosolic carbonic anhydrase increased the 3HHx fraction up to 19.6 mol%. The yields of biomass and PHA on input H2 were determined to be 72.9 % and 63.1 %, corresponding to 51.0 % and 44.2 % yield on electricity, respectively. The equivalent solar-to-biomass/PHA efficiencies were estimated to be 2.1-3.8 %, highlighting the high energy conversion capability of R. eutropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Stadio
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Izumi Orita
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nakamura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Hernández-Gómez Á, Ramirez V, Guilbert D, Saldivar B. Self-Discharge of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Investigation for Modeling Purposes. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:379. [PMID: 34067353 PMCID: PMC8224672 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The self-discharge phenomenon results in a decrease of the open-circuit voltage (OCV), which occurs when an electrochemical device is disconnected from the power source. Although the self-discharge phenomenon has widely been investigated for energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors, no previous works have been reported in the literature about this phenomenon for electrolyzers. For this reason, this work is mainly focused on investigating the self-discharge voltage that occurs in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. To investigate this voltage drop for modeling purposes, experiments have been performed on a commercial PEM electrolyzer to analyze the decrease in the OCV. One model was developed based on different tests carried out on a commercial-400 W PEM electrolyzer for the self-discharge voltage. The proposed model has been compared with the experimental data to assess its effectiveness in modeling the self-discharge phenomenon. Thus, by taking into account this voltage drop in the modeling, simulations with a higher degree of reliability were obtained when predicting the behavior of PEM electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Hernández-Gómez
- Department of Renewable Energy, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida P.C. 97205, Mexico; (Á.H.-G.); (V.R.)
| | - Victor Ramirez
- Department of Renewable Energy, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida P.C. 97205, Mexico; (Á.H.-G.); (V.R.)
- Cátedras CONACYT, Ciudad de México P.C. 03940, Mexico;
| | - Damien Guilbert
- Group of Research in Electrical Engineering of Nancy (GREEN), Université de Lorraine, GREEN, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Belem Saldivar
- Cátedras CONACYT, Ciudad de México P.C. 03940, Mexico;
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Ciudad de México, Toluca P.C. 50000, Mexico
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Zhang Z, Jiang C, Li P, Yao K, Zhao Z, Fan J, Li H, Wang H. Benchmarking Phases of Ruthenium Dichalcogenides for Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen Evolution: Theoretical and Experimental Insights. Small 2021; 17:e2007333. [PMID: 33590693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a significant cathode step in electrochemical devices, especially in water splitting, but developing efficient HER catalysts remains a great challenge. Herein, comprehensive density functional theory calculations are presented to explore the intrinsic HER behaviors of a series of ruthenium dichalcogenide crystals (RuX2 , X = S, Se, Te). In addition, a simple and easily scaled production strategy is proposed to synthesize RuX2 nanoparticles uniformly deposited on carbon nanotubes. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the RuX2 catalysts exhibit impressive HER catalytic behavior. In particular, marcasite-type RuTe2 (RuTe2 -M) achieves Pt-like activity (35.7 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ) in an acidic electrolyte, and pyrite-type RuSe2 presents outstanding HER performance in an alkaline media (29.5 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ), even superior to that of commercial Pt/C. More importantly, a RuTe2 -M-based proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and a RuSe2 -based anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer are also carefully assembled, and their outstanding single-cell performance points to them being efficient cathode candidates for use in hydrogen production. This work makes a significant contribution to the exploration of a new class of transition metal dichalcogenides with remarkable activity toward water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Center for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710049, China
| | - Keguang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jiantao Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Mandal M, Moore M, Secanell M. Measurement of the Protonic and Electronic Conductivities of PEM Water Electrolyzer Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:49549-49562. [PMID: 33089976 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing anode catalyst layer proton- and electron-transport resistances in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers is critical to improving its performance and maximizing catalyst utilization at high current density. A hydrogen pump technique is adapted to measure the protonic conductivity of IrOx-based catalyst layers. The protonic resistance of the catalyst layer is obtained by subtracting the protonic resistance of an assembly of two NRE211 membranes hot-pressed together from an assembly of two NRE211 membranes with an IrOx intermediate layer. The through-plane and in-plane electronic conductivities were also measured using two- and four-probe methods, respectively. Using these techniques, the protonic and electronic conductivities of the IrOx catalyst layers with varying Nafion loading were measured. The results show that the limiting charge-transport phenomena in the IrOx catalyst layer can be either proton or electron transport, depending on the ionomer loading in the catalyst layer. These results are validated by numerical simulation, as well as by comparison to the high-frequency resistance of an electrolyzer with the same layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mandal
- Energy Systems Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Michael Moore
- Energy Systems Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Marc Secanell
- Energy Systems Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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