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Rajbanshi A, Hilton E, Dreiss CA, Murnane D, Cook MT. Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Engineered Emulsions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300723. [PMID: 38395416 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Emulsions are complex. Dispersing two immiscible phases, thus expanding an interface, requires effort to achieve and the resultant dispersion is thermodynamically unstable, driving the system toward coalescence. Furthermore, physical instabilities, including creaming, arise due to presence of dispersed droplets of different densities to a continuous phase. Emulsions allow the formulation of oils, can act as vehicles to solubilize both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, and can be tailored to desirable rheological profiles, including "gel-like" behavior and shear thinning. The usefulness of emulsions can be further expanded by imparting stimuli-responsive or "smart" behaviors by inclusion of a stimuli-responsive emulsifier, polymer or surfactant. This enables manipulation like gelation, breaking, or aggregation, by external triggers such as pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes. This platform generates functional materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, oil recovery, and colloid engineering, combining both smart behaviors and intrinsic benefit of emulsions. However, with increased functionality comes greater complexity. This review focuses on the use of stimuli-responsive polymers for the generation of smart emulsions, motivated by the great adaptability of polymers for this application and their efficacy as steric stabilizers. Stimuli-responsive emulsions are described according to the trigger used to provide the reader with an overview of progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Rajbanshi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Eleanor Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Cécile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Darragh Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Michael T Cook
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Danaeifar M, Negahdari B, Eslam HM, Zare H, Ghanaat M, Koushali SS, Malekshahi ZV. Polymeric nanoparticles for DNA vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy: a review. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1053-1072. [PMID: 37335426 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and mortality in the world. There is an essential need to develop new drugs or therapeutic approaches to manage treatment-resistant cancers. Cancer immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the power of the body's immune system to prevent, control, and eliminate cancer. One of the materials used as a vaccine in immunotherapy is DNA. The application of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers for DNA vaccines could be an effective therapeutic approach to activate immune responses and increase antigen presentation efficiency. Various materials have been used as polymeric nanoparticles, including: chitosan, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), Polyethylenimine, dendrimers, polypeptides, and polyesters. Application of these polymer nanoparticles has several advantages, including increased vaccine delivery, enhanced antigen presentation, adjuvant effects, and more sustainable induction of the immune system. Besides many clinical trials and commercial products that were developed based on polymer nanoparticles, there is still a need for more comprehensive studies to increase the DNA vaccine efficiency in cancer immunotherapy using this type of carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danaeifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houra Mobaleghol Eslam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Zare
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Momeneh Ghanaat
- Department of Microbiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Sekinehe Shokouhi Koushali
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Guazzelli E, Pisano G, Turriani M, Biver T, Kriechbaum M, Uhlig F, Galli G, Martinelli E. The Nanostructured Self-Assembly and Thermoresponsiveness in Water of Amphiphilic Copolymers Carrying Oligoethylene Glycol and Polysiloxane Side Chains. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37376151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymer self-assembly is a straightforward approach to obtain responsive micelles, nanoparticles, and vesicles that are particularly attractive for biomedicine, i.e., for the delivery of functional molecules. Here, amphiphilic copolymers of hydrophobic polysiloxane methacrylate and hydrophilic oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate with different lengths of oxyethylenic side chains were synthesized via controlled RAFT radical polymerization and characterized both thermally and in solution. In particular, the thermoresponsive and self-assembling behavior of the water-soluble copolymers in water was investigated via complementary techniques such as light transmittance, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. All the copolymers synthesized were thermoresponsive, displaying a cloud point temperature (Tcp) strongly dependent on macromolecular parameters such as the length of the oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains and the content of the SiMA counits, as well as the concentration of the copolymer in water, which is consistent with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type behavior. SAXS analysis revealed that the copolymers formed nanostructures in water below Tcp, whose dimension and shape depended on the content of the hydrophobic components in the copolymer. The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) determined by DLS increased with the amount of SiMA and the associated morphology at higher SiMA contents was found to be pearl-necklace-micelle-like, composed of connected hydrophobic cores. These novel amphiphilic copolymers were able to modulate thermoresponsiveness in water in a wide range of temperatures, including the physiological temperature, as well as the dimension and shape of their nanostructured assemblies, simply by varying their chemical composition and the length of the hydrophilic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Turriani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manfred Kriechbaum
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Thermo-responsive polymers and advances in their applications in separation science. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in separation science. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ullah A, Ahmad S, Maric M, Shah SM, Hussain H. Low temperature
ATRP
of
POSS‐MA
and its amphiphilic pentablock copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Saira Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Milan Maric
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Syed Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
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Interplay of distributions of multiple guest molecules in block copolymer micelles: A dissipative particle dynamics study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1142-1152. [PMID: 34571301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Delivery of multiple payloads using the same micelle is of significance to achieve multifunctional or synergistic effects. The interacting distribution of different payloads in micelles is expected to influence the loading stability and capacity. It is highly desirable to explore how intermolecular interactions affect the joint distribution of multi-payloads. EXPERIMENTS Dissipative Particle Dynamics simulations were performed to probe the loading of three payloads: decane with a linear carbon chain, butylbenzene with an aromatic ring connected to carbon chain, and naphthalene with double aromatic rings, within poly(β-amino ester)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) micelles. Properties of core-shell micelles, e.g., morphological evolution, radial density distribution, mean square displacement, and contact statistics, were analyzed to reveal payloads loading stability and capacity. Explorations were extended to vesicular, multi-compartment, double helix, and layer-by-layer micelles with more complex inner structures. FINDINGS Different payloads have their own preferred locations. Decane locates at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, butylbenzene occupies both the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface and the hydrophobic core, while naphthalene enters the hydrophobic core. More efficient delivery of multi-payloads is achieved since the competition of payloads occupying preferred locations is minimized. The fusion of micelles encapsulating different payloads suggests that specific payloads will move to their preferred positions without interfering other payloads.
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Craig E, Calarco A, Conte R, Ambrogi V, d'Ayala GG, Alabi P, Sello JK, Cerruti P, Kima PE. Thermoresponsive Copolymer Nanovectors Improve the Bioavailability of Retrograde Inhibitors in the Treatment of Leishmania Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702676. [PMID: 34490142 PMCID: PMC8417477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing, cutaneous lesions to fatal infections of the viscera. With no preventative Leishmania vaccine available, the frontline option against leishmaniasis is chemotherapy. Unfortunately, currently available anti-Leishmania drugs face several obstacles, including toxicity that limits dosing and emergent drug resistant strains in endemic regions. It is, therefore, imperative that more effective drug formulations with decreased toxicity profiles are developed. Previous studies had shown that 2-(((5-Methyl-2-thienyl)methylene)amino)-N-phenylbenzamide (also called Retro-2) has efficacy against Leishmania infections. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analogs of Retro-2, using the dihydroquinazolinone (DHQZ) base structure, were subsequently described that are more efficacious than Retro-2. However, considering the hydrophobic nature of these compounds that limits their solubility and uptake, the current studies were initiated to determine whether the solubility of Retro-2 and its SAR analogs could be enhanced through encapsulation in amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles. We evaluated encapsulation of these compounds in the amphiphilic, thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-pentafluorostyrene (PFG30) copolymer that forms nanoparticle aggregates upon heating past temperatures of 30°C. The hydrophobic tracer, coumarin 6, was used to evaluate uptake of a hydrophobic molecule into PFG30 aggregates. Mass spectrometry analysis showed considerably greater delivery of encapsulated DHQZ analogs into infected cells and more rapid shrinkage of L. amazonensis communal vacuoles. Moreover, encapsulation in PFG30 augmented the efficacy of Retro-2 and its SAR analogs to clear both L. amazonensis and L. donovani infections. These studies demonstrate that encapsulation of compounds in PFG30 is a viable approach to dramatically increase bioavailability and efficacy of anti-Leishmania compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Craig
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI) - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Philip Alabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason K Sello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Guazzelli E, Masotti E, Calosi M, Kriechbaum M, Uhlig F, Galli G, Martinelli E. Single-chain folding and self-assembling of amphiphilic polyethyleneglycol-modified fluorinated styrene homopolymers in water solution. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stimuli-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Derivatives and Their Applications as Drug Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168817. [PMID: 34445521 PMCID: PMC8396293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(aspartamide) derivatives, one kind of amino acid-based polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, meet the key requirements for application in various areas of biomedicine. Poly(aspartamide) derivatives with stimuli-responsiveness can usually respond to external stimuli to change their chemical or physical properties. Using external stimuli such as temperature and pH as switches, these smart poly(aspartamide) derivatives can be used for convenient drug loading and controlled release. Here, we review the synthesis strategies for preparing these stimuli-responsive poly(aspartamide) derivatives and the latest developments in their applications as drug carriers.
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Investigation of the LCST-Thermoresponsive Behavior of Novel Oligo(Ethylene Glycol)-Modified Pentafluorostyrene Homopolymers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic tetrafluorostyrene monomers (EFS8) carrying in the para position an oligoethylene glycol chain containing 8 oxyethylenic units on average were synthesized and used for preparation via activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) of the corresponding amphiphilic homopolymers (pEFS8-x) with different degrees of polymerization (x = 26 and 46). Combining light transmittance and nano-differential scanning calorimetry (n-DSC) measurements revealed that pEFS8-x homopolymers displayed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) thermoresponsive behavior in water solutions. Moreover, n-DSC measurements revealed the presence in heating scans of a broad endothermic peak ascribable to the dehydration process of the polymer single chains (unimers) and their collapse into aggregates. Consistently, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed below the LCST the presence of small nanostructures with a hydrodynamic diameter size Dh of 6–7 nm, which collapsed into concentration-dependent larger multichain aggregates (Dh = 300–3000 nm) above LCST. Interestingly, n-DSC data showed that the unimer-aggregate transition was reversible up to a specific temperature (Trev) of each homopolymer, which in any case was higher than Tmax. When heating above Trev the transition was no longer reversible, causing the shift of Tonset and Tmax at lower values, thus suggesting an increase in hydrophobicity of the polymer systems associated with a temperature-dependent dehydration process.
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