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Borghi F, Nieus TR, Galli DE, Milani P. Brain-like hardware, do we need it? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1465789. [PMID: 39741531 PMCID: PMC11685757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1465789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
The brain's ability to perform efficient and fault-tolerant data processing is strongly related to its peculiar interconnected adaptive architecture, based on redundant neural circuits interacting at different scales. By emulating the brain's processing and learning mechanisms, computing technologies strive to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency and computational performance. Although efforts to address neuromorphic solutions through hardware based on top-down CMOS-based technologies have obtained interesting results in terms of energetic efficiency improvement, the replication of brain's self-assembled and redundant architectures is not considered in the roadmaps of data processing electronics. The exploration of solutions based on self-assembled elemental blocks to mimic biological networks' complexity is explored in the general frame of unconventional computing and it has not reached yet a maturity stage enabling a benchmark with standard electronic approaches in terms of performances, compatibility and scalability. Here we discuss some aspects related to advantages and disadvantages in the emulation of the brain for neuromorphic hardware. We also discuss possible directions in terms of hybrid hardware solutions where self-assembled substrates coexist and integrate with conventional electronics in view of neuromorphic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borghi
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “A. Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thierry R. Nieus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide E. Galli
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “A. Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “A. Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Gao Q, Liu L, Yang J, Pan X, Miao Y, Chi F. Application of High Potential Electrophoretic Particles Modified with High Ionization Mono Ionic Liquid for Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081235. [PMID: 36014156 PMCID: PMC9413381 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic display (EPD) has attracted widespread attention due to its great visual perception, energy-saving, portability, and bistability. However, the EPD still has many problems in response time, colorization, etc., which limits its practical application. In this paper, novel blue electrophoretic particles were prepared with copper (II) phthalocyanine and high ionization 1-butyl-1-methyl piperidinium bromide mono ionic liquid. It was shown that electrophoretic particles dispersed in a non-polar tetrachloroethylene medium had high Zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility. At the same time, electrophoretic particles showed better dispersion stability. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles and white titanium dioxide particles were compounded to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion. An EPD cell was made to test its performance. The results showed that the prepared blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion could realize a reversible response. Piperidine mono ionic liquid increased the surface potential of copper (II) phthalocyanine from +30.50 mV to +60.27 mV, enhancing it by 97.61%. Therefore, we believed that modifying particles with high ionization mono ionic liquid had great applicability to the modification of electrophoretic particles, and blue particles prepared with piperidine mono ionic liquid as a charge control agent (CCA) were excellent candidates for EPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yao Wang
- Gui Yang Institute of Humanities and Technology, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingguo Gao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Jianjun Yang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Xinjian Pan
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Yu Miao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Chi
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
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A Novel Modification of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Particles towards Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060880. [PMID: 35744495 PMCID: PMC9229134 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic display (EPD) is a popular display technology in recent years. The core of the EPD is electrophoretic particles, and its Zeta potential has an important impact on EPDs. In this work, a method using pyrrolidine mono ionic liquid was proposed to improve the Zeta potential of electrophoretic particles: Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment was modified with mono ionic liquid 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide. The characterization results show that the mono ionic liquid had been successfully coated on pigment particles. At the same time, the dispersion and stability of particles were improved. The modified Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment could be stably dispersed in tetrachloroethylene for more than 20 days. The Zeta potential increased from 32.42 mV to 49.91 mV, increasing by 53.95%. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles were compounded with white titanium dioxide to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion, and then an EPD cell was designed to test its performance. The results show that the prepared electrophoretic dispersion can realize reversible reciprocating motion. Therefore, because of the unique structure and properties of pyrrolidine mono ionic liquids, the blue nanoparticles prepared with pyrrolidine ionic liquids as charge control agents in this study can be used as excellent candidate materials for EPD.
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