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Kim SY, Kim IY, Park SH, Hwangbo M, Hwangbo S. Novel ultrasonic technology for advanced oxidation processes of water treatment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11939-11948. [PMID: 38623292 PMCID: PMC11017266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Textile wastewater accounts for a significant proportion of industrial wastewater worldwide. In particular, dye wastewater accounts for a large proportion and consists of non-degradable dyes, which are substances resistant to biodegradation. Methylene blue is a representative example of such non-degradable dyes. It is not biologically degraded and exhibits toxicity. Various methods for their decomposition are currently being studied. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that oxidize and degrade pollutants, have been actively studied. Particularly, the photocatalytic degradation method using TiO2 nanoparticles is one of the most actively studied fields; however, there are still concerns regarding the toxicity of nanoparticles. Research is currently being conducted on AOPs using the cavitation phenomenon of ultrasonic waves. However, achieving high efficiency using existing ultrasonic equipment is difficult. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a new water treatment technology through AOPs using a focused ultrasonic system with a cylindrical piezoelectric ceramic structure. After determining the optimal conditions for degradation, the degradation process was evaluated as a useful tool for mitigating the toxicity of methylene blue. We found that, under the optimal conditions of 100 W intensity at a frequency of 400 kHz, this system is a helpful instrument for degradation and a new water treatment technology suitable for removing ecotoxicity and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yul Kim
- R&D Center, Focused Ultra-Sonic Tech. Lab. (FUST Lab) 1 Techno-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34015 Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Kim
- Nano-safety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) 267 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology 141 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Minsung Hwangbo
- R&D Center, Focused Ultra-Sonic Tech. Lab. (FUST Lab) 1 Techno-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34015 Republic of Korea
| | - Seonae Hwangbo
- R&D Center, Focused Ultra-Sonic Tech. Lab. (FUST Lab) 1 Techno-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34015 Republic of Korea
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Wang R, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhou C, Zhang X, Yan X, Yu F, Zhang J. Comparison of calcium magnesium ferrite nanoparticles for boosting biohydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130410. [PMID: 38307484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Dark fermentation (DF) is an eco-friendly process that simultaneously achieves organic matter degradation and obtains hydrogen (H2). Nonetheless, low H2 yield mainly caused by poor activity of key microbes, is still a problem that requires being resolved. In this work, MgFe2O4 and Ca0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthetized and served as additives to boost H2 form from DF. H2 productivity gradually increased with the rise of NPs, and declined when NPs exceeded their optimal dosages. The highest H2 yield was 183.6 ± 3.2 mL/g glucose at 100 mg/L of MgFe2O4 NPs, being 35.2 % higher than that of the control yield (135.8 ± 3.1 mL/g glucose). However, the highest H2 yield of 171.9 ± 2.5 mL/g glucose occurred at 400 mg/L of Ca0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 NPs, increasing by 26.6 % over the control. Interestingly, the two NPs favored the butyric acid pathway for H2 synthesis. This provides guidance for multi-element oxide NPs used in DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Junchu Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Chen Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Jishi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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Li Y, Zheng T, Du Y, Zhao B, Patel HP, Boldt R, Auernhammer GK, Fery A, Li J, Thiele J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles embedded in assembled dipeptide hydrogels for microfluidic photodegradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:405-412. [PMID: 37852026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptides can be self-assembled via non-covalent bonds towards functional nanostructures for diverse applications in nanotechnology. Here, we introduce a convenient microfluidics-guided dipeptide design as a platform for photodegradation of contaminants in water. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are chosen as photocatalysts due to their vastly studied properties. By using a well-defined microchannel architecture, the dipeptide N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) and TiO2 NPs are efficiently mixed leading to a self-assembled Fmoc-FF hydrogel with embedded TiO2. Owing to shear-thinning and rapid self-healing of Fmoc-FF hydrogels, we can transfer and inject Fmoc-FF/TiO2 hydrogels into any other microdevice for specific applications, where these low-molecular-weight-gelator- (LMWG-)based Fmoc-FF hydrogels fill out the microchannel volume. Different morphologies of Fmoc-FF/TiO2 hydrogels are obtained by simple concentration screening of TiO2 NPs and Fmoc-FF. Owing to the density of the three-dimensionally twined Fmoc-FF nanofibers, solutions swelling the dipeptide hydrogel can be exchanged without leaching out TiO2 NPs. By further analysis, our hydrogel-filled flow cell can be employed for continuous-flow photodegradation in water under light irradiation. Especially, compared to the TiO2 NPs suspension, Fmoc-FF/TiO2 hydrogels with relatively low concentrations of TiO2 exhibit enhanced photodegradation capabilities due to better dispersion of nanoparticles. Such strategy provides a versatile platform for embedment of small inorganic catalysts or enzymes for (bio-)chemical conversion of solutes passing through the hydrogel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, PR China; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tianfang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, PR China
| | - Yixuan Du
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Binyu Zhao
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Himanshu P Patel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Yun JS, Hwangbo SA, Jeong YG. Preparation of Uniform Nano Liposomes Using Focused Ultrasonic Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2618. [PMID: 37836259 PMCID: PMC10574396 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are microspheres produced by placing phospholipids in aqueous solutions. Liposomes have the advantage of being able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional substances and are thus important mediators used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is important for liposomes to have small sizes, uniform particle size distribution, and long-term stability. Previously, liposomes have been prepared using a homo mixer, microfluidizer, and horn and bath types of sonicators. However, it is difficult to produce liposomes with small sizes and uniform particle size distribution using these methods. Therefore, we have developed a focused ultrasound method to produce nano-sized liposomes with better size control. In this study, the liposome solutions were prepared using the focused ultrasound method and conventional methods. The liposome solutions were characterized for their size distribution, stability, and morphology. Results showed that the liposome solution prepared using focused ultrasonic equipment had a uniform particle size distribution with an average size of 113.6 nm and a polydispersity index value of 0.124. Furthermore, the solution showed good stability in dynamic light scattering measurements for 4 d and Turbiscan measurements for 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Yun
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ae Hwangbo
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Gyu Jeong
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Głowniak S, Szczęśniak B, Choma J, Jaroniec M. Recent Developments in Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanoporous Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062639. [PMID: 36985612 PMCID: PMC10051140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasounds are commonly used in medical imaging, solution homogenization, navigation, and ranging, but they are also a great energy source for chemical reactions. Sonochemistry uses ultrasounds and thus realizes one of the basic concepts of green chemistry, i.e., energy savings. Moreover, reduced reaction time, mostly using water as a solvent, and better product yields are among the many factors that make ultrasound-induced reactions greener than those performed under conventional conditions. Sonochemistry has been successfully implemented for the preparation of various materials; this review covers sonochemically synthesized nanoporous materials. For instance, sonochemical-assisted methods afforded ordered mesoporous silicas, spherical mesoporous silicas, periodic mesoporous organosilicas, various metal oxides, biomass-derived activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, diverse metal-organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks. Among these materials, highly porous samples have also been prepared, such as garlic peel-derived activated carbon with an apparent specific surface area of 3887 m2/g and MOF-177 with an SSA of 4898 m2/g. Additionally, many of them have been examined for practical usage in gas adsorption, water treatment, catalysis, and energy storage-related applications, yielding satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głowniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (B.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Barbara Szczęśniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (B.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerzy Choma
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (B.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kim SY, Lee TG, Hwangbo SA, Jeong JR. Effect of the TiO 2 Colloidal Size Distribution on the Degradation of Methylene Blue. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:302. [PMID: 36678052 PMCID: PMC9863734 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is the most commonly used photocatalyst in water treatment. The particle size of TiO2 is an important factor that significantly influences its activity during photocatalytic degradation. In the presence of liquid, the properties of nanopowders composed of exactly the same product clearly differ according to their aggregation size. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles with a controlled size were fabricated by focused ultrasound dispersion. The high energy generated by this system was used to control the size of TiO2 particles in the suspension. The constant high energy released by cavitation enabled the dispersion of the particles without a surfactant. The activities of the prepared TiO2 photocatalysts for methylene blue (MB) degradation were then compared. The dye degradation effect of the photocatalyst was as high as 61.7% after 10 min when the size of the powder was controlled in the solution, but it was only as high as 41.0% when the aggregation size was not controlled. Furthermore, when the TiO2 concentration exceeded a certain level, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 decreased. Controlling the size of the aggregated photocatalyst particles is, therefore, essential in water-treatment technologies utilizing TiO2 photocatalytic properties, and adjusting the TiO2 concentration is an important economic factor in this photocatalytic technology. This study contributes to the development of processes for degrading dyes, such as MB, released from wastewater into aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yul Kim
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geol Lee
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ae Hwangbo
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ryul Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Hwangbo SA, Lee SY, Kim BA, Moon CK. Preparation of Surfactant-Free Nano Oil Particles in Water Using Ultrasonic System and the Mechanism of Emulsion Stability. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091547. [PMID: 35564257 PMCID: PMC9101067 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion technology is widely used in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and other daily necessities, and surfactants are frequently used to prepare these emulsions because of the lack of reliable surfactant-free emulsification techniques. This is disadvantageous because some surfactants pose health hazards, cause environmental pollution, have costly components, and place limitations on process development. In this paper, an efficient method for surfactant-free nano-emulsification is presented. In addition, we discuss the effects of different operating parameters on the oil particle size, as well as the effect of the particle size on the emulsion stability. Specifically, we compared three surfactant-free ultrasonic emulsification technologies (horn, bath, and focused ultrasonic systems). The focused ultrasonic system, which concentrates sound energy at the center of the dispersion system, showed the best performance, producing emulsions with a particle size distribution of 60–400 nm at 400 kHz. In addition, phase separation did not occur despite the lack of surfactants and thickeners, and the emulsion remained stable for seven days. It is expected to be widely used in eco-friendly emulsification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ae Hwangbo
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Seung-Yul Lee
- The Korea Ship and Offshore Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Bu-An Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.-A.K.); (C.-K.M.); Tel.: +82-051-629-6356 (B.-A.K. & C.-K.M.)
| | - Chang-Kwon Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.-A.K.); (C.-K.M.); Tel.: +82-051-629-6356 (B.-A.K. & C.-K.M.)
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Chen X, Wu K, Zeng S, Chen D, Yao L, Song S, Wang H, Sun M, Feng T. Stabilization and Dispersion of OSA Starch-Coated Titania Nanoparticles in Kappa-Carrageenan-Based Solution. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091519. [PMID: 35564229 PMCID: PMC9100989 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titania is a white pigment used widely in papermaking, paints and cosmetic industries. Dispersion and stabilization of high concentration titania in water-based system remains a great bottleneck in industry nowadays, because aggregation of titania nanoparticles results in severe adverse effects to gloss, opacity, tint strength, color distribution and storage stability of end products. Because kappa-carrageenan (κ-CG) has excellent rheological properties such as emulsification, gelation, stability and so on, it has the ability to form gel and increase the viscosity of aqueous solution. In this work, Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch was utilized as wall material to encapsulate titania pigments using electrostatic spray drying processing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that titania pigments were coated by OSA starch, with a final form of nanoparticle. Accelerating stability test found that around 60% OSA starch–titania particles were stably dispersed in κ-CG-based solution. All materials used in this work were natural ingredient, which would be preferred by cosmetic industry and consumers. The technique used in the present study could potentially be extended to other pigments for similar purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Sili Zeng
- Shanghai Beukay Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201418, China;
| | - Da Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Lingyun Yao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Shiqing Song
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Huatian Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Min Sun
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (X.C.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (S.S.); (H.W.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-608-736-69
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Iqbal S, Martins AF, Sohail M, Zhao J, Deng Q, Li M, Zhao Z. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (β-amino Ester) and Applied PEGylated and Non-PEGylated Poly (β-amino ester)/Plasmid DNA Nanoparticles for Efficient Gene Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854859. [PMID: 35462891 PMCID: PMC9023864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based nanocarriers require extensive knowledge of their chemistries to learn functionalization strategies and understand the nature of interactions that they establish with biological entities. In this research, the poly (β-amino ester) (PβAE-447) was synthesized and characterized, aimed to identify the influence of some key parameters in the formulation process. Initially; PβAE-447 was characterized for aqueous solubility, swelling capacity, proton buffering ability, and cytotoxicity study before nanoparticles formulation. Interestingly, the polymer-supported higher cell viability than the Polyethylenimine (PEI) at 100 μg/ml. PβAE-447 complexed with GFP encoded plasmid DNA (pGFP) generated nanocarriers of 184 nm hydrodynamic radius (+7.42 mV Zeta potential) for cell transfection. Transfection assays performed with PEGylated and lyophilized PβAE-447/pDNA complexes on HEK-293, BEAS-2B, and A549 cell lines showed better transfection than PEI. The outcomes toward A549 cells (above 66%) showed the highest transfection efficiency compared to the other cell lines. Altogether, these results suggested that characterizing physicochemical properties pave the way to design a new generation of PβAE-447 for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Alessandro F Martins
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana, Brazil.,Group of Polymers and Composite Materials (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key University Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Pediatric Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Dyne Marine Biopharmaceutical Company Limited, Rongcheng, China.,Chemical Immunopharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Xili Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Heze, China
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Effect of Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of TiO 2-Epoxy Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112866. [PMID: 34071833 PMCID: PMC8198106 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the packing density and particle size distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of TiO2–epoxy nanocomposites (NCs). The uniform dispersion and good interfacial bonding of TiO2 in the epoxy resin resulted in improved mechanical properties with the addition of nanoparticles. Reinforcement nano-TiO2 particles dispersed in deionized water produced by three different ultrasonic dispersion methods were used; the ultrasonication effects were then compared. The nano-TiO2 suspension was added at 0.5–5.0 wt.%, and the mechanical and thermal properties of TiO2–epoxy NCs were compared using a universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tensile strength of the NCs was improved by the dispersion strengthening effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles, and focused sonication improved the tensile strength the most when nano-TiO2 suspensions with a particle size of 100 nm or smaller were used. Thus, the reinforcing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the epoxy resin was observed, and the nano-TiO2 suspension produced by focused sonication showed a more distinct reinforcing effect.
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