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Lehrer LW, Lewis AM, Tolliver S, Degen M, Singh R, Houser S, Rao J. An evaluation of a new rapid qPCR test for the detection of 2019-novel coronavirus nucleocapsid (N1) gene in wastewater in Roanoke and Salem VA sewersheds. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1419-1428. [PMID: 39212279 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic initiated public interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Public and private entities responded to the need to produce timely and accurate data. LuminUltra and Hach partnered to provide a rapid, field-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater. This study evaluates the Hach GeneCount SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater RT-qPCR Assay Kit and LuminUltra GeneCount® Q-16 RT-PCR instrument. The Hach LuminUltra methods were compared to the Promega Wizard® Enviro Total Nucleic Acid kit and Bio-Rad CFX Opus 96 Real-time PCR Detection System. Over a 12-week period, wastewater samples were collected weekly from seven locations in the Roanoke/Salem, VA sewersheds. Concentration and extraction of the viral RNA were followed by qPCR analysis. The target gene for detection was the nucleocapsid gene (N1) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Costs, ease of use, time to produce results, sample preparation, and data comparisons were considered. The comparison determined that the Hach LuminUltra method and instrument were more affordable, consumed less time, and required less technical expertise. While the new method was specific, it had low sensitivity. This evaluation suggests the Hach LuminUltra method should be reserved for limited situations requiring onsite field analysis where data accuracy is not essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Willow Lehrer
- Radford University Carilion (RUC), Roanoke, VA, USA; Equal first authors
| | - Anna Marie Lewis
- Radford University Carilion (RUC), Roanoke, VA, USA; Equal first authors
| | - Susan Tolliver
- Carilion Roanoke Community Hospital, Carilion Clinic Basic Science Research Lab (BSRL), Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Marcia Degen
- Virginia Department of Health (VDH), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rekha Singh
- Virginia Department of Health (VDH), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara Houser
- Radford University Carilion (RUC), Roanoke, VA, USA E-mail:
| | - Jayasimha Rao
- Carilion Roanoke Community Hospital, Carilion Clinic Basic Science Research Lab (BSRL), Roanoke, VA, USA; Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Carilion Medical Center, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Hartman WR. An Executed Plan to Combat COVID-19 in the United States. Adv Anesth 2022; 40:45-62. [PMID: 36333051 PMCID: PMC9276922 DOI: 10.1016/j.aan.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019. To date, this coronavirus is responsible for greater than 90 million cases in the United States and more than 1 million confirmed deaths. When this virus came to the United States, testing was unorganized, no effective treatments were known, and no vaccines had been discovered. A plan to correct these deficiencies through cooperative science and efficient clinical trials was implemented to combat this novel virus. This plan developed efficient and inexpensive tests, highly effective medicines to treat and prevent disease progression, and vaccines to immunize the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Hartman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Office of Clinical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Sodhi KK, Singh CK. A systematic review on the occurrence, fate, and remediation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:8073-8086. [PMID: 35755183 PMCID: PMC9207430 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Along with impairing the respiratory system, it also affects the gastrointestinal system. By reviewing experiments on the wastewater analysis for the detection of coronavirus, this study explores the fate, persistence, and various remediation strategies for the virus removal from the wastewater. The results indicated that the virus can be detected in the wastewater samples, feces, and sewage, even before the onset of symptoms. Coronavirus can be a potential panzootic disease, as several mammalian species get infected by the deadly virus. The disinfection strategies used earlier for the treatment of wastewater are not sufficient for the removal of viruses from the wastewater. Therefore, concerted efforts should be made to understand their fate, sources, and occurrence in the environmental matrices. To prevent the spread of the panzootic disease, revised guidelines should be issued for the remediation of the virus. Recent viral remediation methods such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation methods can be used. Therefore, the present review puts a light on the current knowledge on the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater, the possible sources, fate, and removal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sodhi
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - C. K. Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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Alhama J, Maestre JP, Martín MÁ, Michán C. Monitoring COVID-19 through SARS-CoV-2 quantification in wastewater: progress, challenges and prospects. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1719-1728. [PMID: 34905659 PMCID: PMC9151337 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is widely used to monitor the progression of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at local levels. In this review, we address the different approaches to the steps needed for this surveillance: sampling wastewaters (WWs), concentrating the virus from the samples and quantifying them by qPCR, focusing on the main limitations of the methodologies used. Factors that can influence SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in WWs include: (i) physical parameters as temperature that can hamper the detection in warm seasons and tropical regions, (ii) sampling methodologies and timetables, being composite samples and Moore swabs the less variable and more sensitive approaches, (iii) virus concentration methodologies that need to be feasible and practicable in simpler laboratories and (iv) detection methodologies that should tend to use faster and cost-effective procedures. The efficiency of WW treatments and the use of WWs for SARS-CoV-2 variants detection are also addressed. Furthermore, we discuss the need for the development of common standardized protocols, although these must be versatile enough to comprise variations among target communities. WBE screening of risk populations will allow for the prediction of future outbreaks, thus alerting authorities to implement early action measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alhama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidad de CórdobaCampus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Edificio Severo OchoaCórdoba14071Spain
| | - Juan P. Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin301 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop C1786AustinTX78712USA
| | - M. Ángeles Martín
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringArea of Chemical EngineeringUniversidad de CórdobaInstitute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry (IUNAN)Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Edificio Marie CurieCórdoba14071Spain
| | - Carmen Michán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidad de CórdobaCampus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Edificio Severo OchoaCórdoba14071Spain
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Javed R, Ain NU, Gul A, Arslan Ahmad M, Guo W, Ao Q, Tian S. Diverse biotechnological applications of multifunctional titanium dioxide nanoparticles: An up-to-date review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2022; 16:171-189. [PMID: 35411585 PMCID: PMC9178655 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the topmost widely used metallic oxide nanoparticles. Whether present in naked form or doped with metals or polymers, TiO2 NPs perform immensely important functions. However, the alteration in size and shape by doping results in improving the physical, chemical, and biological behaviour of TiO2 NPs. Hence, the differential effects of various TiO2 nanostructures including nanoflakes, nanoflowers, and nanotubes in various domains of biotechnology have been elucidated by researchers. Recently, the exponential growth of research activities regarding TiO2 NPs has been observed owing to their chemical stability, low toxicity, and multifaceted properties. Because of their enormous abundance, plants, humans, and environment are inevitably exposed to TiO2 NPs. These NPs play a significant role in improving agricultural attributes, removing environmental pollution, and upgrading the domain of nanomedicine. Therefore, the currently ongoing studies about the employment of TiO2 NPs in enhancement of different aspects of agriculture, environment, and medicine have been extensively discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Javed
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Gul
- NANOCAT Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Fuwai Hospial, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shen Tian
- Department of Neurology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Azeem I, Adeel M, Ahmad MA, Shakoor N, Jiangcuo GD, Azeem K, Ishfaq M, Shakoor A, Ayaz M, Xu M, Rui Y. Uptake and Accumulation of Nano/Microplastics in Plants: A Critical Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2935. [PMID: 34835700 PMCID: PMC8618759 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment is an undeniable and serious concern due to their higher persistence and extensive use in agricultural production. This review highlights the sources and fate of MPs and NPs in soil and their uptake, translocation, and physiological effects in the plant system. We provide the current snapshot of the latest reported studies with the majority of literature spanning the last five years. We draw attention to the potential risk of MPs and NPs in modern agriculture and their effects on plant growth and development. We also highlight their uptake and transport pathways in roots and leaves via different exposure methods in plants. Conclusively, agricultural practices, climate changes (wet weather and heavy rainfall), and soil organisms play a major role in transporting MPs and NPs in soil. NPs are more prone to enter plant cell walls as compared to MPs. Furthermore, transpiration pull is the dominant factor in the plant uptake and translocation of plastic particles. MPs have negligible negative effects on plant physiological and biochemical indicators. Overall, there is a dire need to establish long-term studies for a better understanding of their fate and associated risks mechanisms in realistic environment scenarios for safe agricultural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Azeem
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (I.A.); (N.S.)
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Subcampus, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (I.A.); (N.S.)
| | - Gama Dingba Jiangcuo
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Subcampus, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Kamran Azeem
- Department of Agronomy, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Lithuanian Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry Instituto al. 1, 58344 Akademija, Lithuania;
| | - Ming Xu
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Subcampus, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (I.A.); (N.S.)
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