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Zisti F, Al-Behadili FJM, Nadimpour M, Rahimpoor R, Mengelizadeh N, Alsalamy A, Alawadi A, Doghiam Abdullah M, Balarak D. Synthesis and characterization of Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 -supported metal-organic framework PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) for degradation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118019. [PMID: 38142730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) photocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method and used to degrade diazinon (DZN) and chlorpyrifos (CPS) from aqueous solutions. The characteristics analyzed by various techniques indicate that the core-shell photocatalyst with a specific surface area of 992 m2/g, pore size of 1.35 nm and saturation magnetization of nanocomposite was 12 emu/g has been successfully synthesized and can be separated from the reaction solution by a magnetic field. The maximum efficiencies of DZN (98.8%) and CPS (99.9%) were provided at pH of 5, photocatalyst dosage of 0.6 g/L, pollutant concentration of 25 mg/L, radiation intensity of 15 W, and time of 60 min. The presence of anions such as sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride had a negative effect on the performance of the photocatalysis system. Compared to the adsorption and photolysis systems alone, the photocatalytic process based on Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) under two UV and visible light sources showed a high efficiency of 90% in the reaction time of 60 min. The BOD5/COD ratio improved after 50 min to above 0.4 with TOC and COD removal rates >80%. Scavenging tests showed that •OH radical, hole (h+), electron (e-), and O2•- anion were produced in the reaction reactor, and the •OH radical was the dominant species in the degradation of DZN and CPS. The stability tests confirmed the recyclability of the photocatalyst in 360 min of reactions, with a minimum reduction of 7%. Energy consumption for the present system during different reactions was between 15.61 and 25.06 kWh/m3 for DZN degradation and 10-22.87 kWh/m3 for CPS degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zisti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Brock, St.chatarines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mahsa Nadimpour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razzagh Rahimpoor
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- . College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, 66002, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University; Najaf; Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diawaniyah; Al Diawaniyah; Iraq; Collage of Technical Engineering; The Islamic University of Babylon; Babylon; Iraq
| | | | - Davoud Balarak
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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Pulvirenti L, Lombardo C, Salmeri M, Bongiorno C, Mannino G, Lo Presti F, Cambria MT, Condorelli GG. Self-assembled BiFeO 3@MIL-101 nanocomposite for antimicrobial applications under natural sunlight. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:113. [PMID: 37697156 PMCID: PMC10495303 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the synthesis of a new hybrid photocatalytic material activated by natural sunlight irradiation. The material consists of multiferroic nanoparticles of bismuth ferrite (BFO) modified through the growth of the Fe-based MIL-101 framework. Material characterization, conducted using various techniques (X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies), confirmed the growth of the MIL-101 metal-organic framework on the BFO surface. The obtained system possesses the intrinsic photo-degradative properties of BFO nanoparticles significantly enhanced by the presence of MIL-101. The photocatalytic activity of this material was tested in antibacterial experiments conducted under natural sunlight exposure within the nanocomposite concentration range of 100-0.20 µg/ml. The MIL-modified BFO showed a significant decrease in both Minimum Inhibiting Concentration and Minimum Bactericide Concentration values compared to bare nanoparticles. This confirms the photo-activating effect of the MIL-101 modification. In particular, they show an increased antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive species and the ability to begin to inhibit the growth of the four Escherichia coli strains, although at the maximum concentration tested. These results suggest that the new nanocomposite BiFeO3@MOF has been successfully developed and has proven to be an effective antibacterial agent against a wide range of microorganisms and a potential candidate in disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Guido Condorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM UdR di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Fu Q, Wu Y. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of action of magnetic MIL-100(Fe) on MB. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:745. [PMID: 37237163 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dye wastewater seriously affects human living environment and human health. This experiment develops green and efficient recyclable Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) under room temperature conditions. The microscopic morphology, chemical structure and magnetic properties of Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and VSM, and the adsorption capacity and adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent on methylene blue (MB) were investigated. The results showed that MIL-100(Fe) was successfully grown on Fe3O4, and the composite had excellent crystalline shape and morphology and good magnetic response. The specific surface area of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) is 1203.18 m2 g-1 by N2 adsorption isothermal curve, and MIL-100(Fe) still has high specific surface area after compounding with magnetic particles. The adsorption process follows the quasi-level kinetic equation and the Langmuir isothermal model, according to which the adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) on MB can be up to 487.8 mg g-1 for a single molecular layer. The thermodynamic experiments show that the adsorption of MB by the adsorbent is a spontaneous heat absorption process. In addition, the adsorption amount of Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) on MB was still maintained at 88.4% after 6 cycles with good reusability, and its crystalline shape did not change significantly, indicating that Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) can be used as an efficient and regenerable adsorbent for the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xinjiang, 843300, Alar, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xinjiang, 843300, Alar, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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A review of the antibiotic ofloxacin: current status of ecotoxicology and scientific advances in its removal from aqueous systems by adsorption technology. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Capsoni D, Lucini P, Conti DM, Bianchi M, Maraschi F, De Felice B, Bruni G, Abdolrahimi M, Peddis D, Parolini M, Pisani S, Sturini M. Fe 3O 4-Halloysite Nanotube Composites as Sustainable Adsorbents: Efficiency in Ofloxacin Removal from Polluted Waters and Ecotoxicity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234330. [PMID: 36500953 PMCID: PMC9739226 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at decorating halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles through different synthetic routes (co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and sol-gel) to test the efficiency of three magnetic composites (HNT/Fe3O4) to remove the antibiotic ofloxacin (OFL) from waters. The chemical-physical features of the obtained materials were characterized through the application of diverse techniques (XRPD, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDS, and TEM microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and magnetization measurements), while ecotoxicity was assessed through a standard test on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna. Independently of the synthesis procedure, the magnetic composites were successfully obtained. The Fe3O4 is nanometric (about 10 nm) and the weight percentage is sample-dependent. It decorates the HNT's surface and also forms aggregates linking the nanotubes in Fe3O4-rich samples. Thermodynamic and kinetic experiments showed different adsorption capacities of OFL, ranging from 23 to 45 mg g-1. The kinetic process occurred within a few minutes, independently of the composite. The capability of the three HNT/Fe3O4 in removing the OFL was confirmed under realistic conditions, when OFL was added to tap, river, and effluent waters at µg L-1 concentration. No acute toxicity of the composites was observed on freshwater organisms. Despite the good results obtained for all the composites, the sample by co-precipitation is the most performant as it: (i) is easily magnetically separated from the media after the use; (ii) does not undergo any degradation after three adsorption cycles; (iii) is synthetized through a low-cost procedure. These features make this material an excellent candidate for removal of OFL from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doretta Capsoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- C.S.G.I. (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Lucini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- C.S.G.I. (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Debora Maria Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- C.S.G.I. (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- C.S.G.I. (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maryam Abdolrahimi
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Peddis
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- C.S.G.I. (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987347
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Sivaprakash B, Rajamohan N, Singaramohan D, Ramkumar V, Elakiya BT. Techniques for remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants using metal organic framework - Review on toxicology, applications, and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136417. [PMID: 36108760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of recalcitrant and xenobiotic pharmaceutical compounds in polluted waters have gained significant attention of the environmental scientists. Antibiotics are diffused into the environment widely owing to their high usages, very particularly in the last two years due to over consumption during covid 19 pandemic worldwide. Quinolones are very effective antibiotics, but do not get completely metabolized due to which they pose severe health hazards if discharged without proper treatment. The commonly reported treatment methods for quinolones are adsorption and advanced oxidation methods. In both the treatment methods, metal organic frameworks (MOF) have been proved to be promising materials used as stand-alone or combined technique. Many composite MOF materials synthesized from renewable, natural, and harmless materials by eco-friendly techniques have been reported to be effective in the treatment of quinolones. In the present article, special focus is given on the abatement of norfloxacin and ofloxacin contaminated wastewater using MOFs by adsorption, oxidation/ozonation, photocatalytic degradation, electro-fenton methods, etc. However, integration of adsorption with any advanced oxidation methods was found to be best remediation technique. Of various MOFs reported by several researchers, the MIL-101(Cr)-SO3H composite was able to give 99% removal of norfloxacin by adsorption. The MIL - 88A(Fe) composite and Fe LDH carbon felt cathode were reported to yield 100% degradation of ofloxacin by photo-Fenton and electro-fenton methods respectively. The synthesis methods and mechanism of action of MOFs towards the treatment of norfloxacin and ofloxacin as reported by several investigation reports are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Sivaprakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, 311, Oman.
| | | | - Vanaraj Ramkumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - B Tamil Elakiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
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Antipina LY, Kotyakova KY, Tregubenko MV, Shtansky DV. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Sorption Capacity of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles: Implication for Wastewater Purification from Antibiotics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3157. [PMID: 36144945 PMCID: PMC9501156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The constant accumulation of antibiotics and their degradation products in wastewater as a result of human activity poses a serious threat to humanity and other living beings. To contribute to solving this important problem, hollow hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles (BNNPs) with a spherical shape and smooth surface were synthesized, which were characterized as an efficient adsorbent for wastewater treatment from three types of antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TC), and benzylpenicillin (BP). As follows from DFT calculations, the interaction of antibiotic molecules (AM) with the BN surface is neither purely physical nor purely chemical, and negative binding energy (BE) indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The calculated electron density redistributions at the AM/BN interfaces show that antibiotics interact with BN mainly through oxygen-containing groups. In addition, this interaction causes the BN surface to bend, which increases both the BE and the contact area. The removal efficiency of antibiotics (Re, %) depends on their initial concentration. At an initial concentration of 10 µg/mL, Re50 and Re100 were observed after 24 h and 14 days, respectively. With an increase in the initial concentration to 40 μg/mL, Re50 and Re100 were achieved after 5 and 28 days (with the exception of ciprofloxacin (~80% Re)). The maximum sorption capacity of BNNPs (qe) was determined to be 297.3 mg/g (TC), 254.8 mg/g (BP), and 238.2 mg/g (CIP), which is significantly superior to many other systems. Tetracycline is adsorbed much faster than the other two antibiotics, which is confirmed by both theoretical and experimental data. Based on the results of the DFT analysis, a simple and efficient sorbent regeneration strategy was proposed, which ensures complete removal of antibiotics after 14 (BP), 21 (TC), and 10 (CIP) days. Thus, the obtained results clearly show that BNNPs are promising sorbents for various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams.
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Chen T, Shi S, Yang G, Chen Z, Zhang W. One‐pot Economic Synthesis to the Functional Copper Mixed‐triazolate MOF Materials Towards an Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Diclofenac Sodium. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Chen
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No.100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Si Shi
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No.100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No.100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No.100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
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Pulvirenti L, Monforte F, Lo Presti F, Li Volti G, Carota G, Sinatra F, Bongiorno C, Mannino G, Cambria MT, Condorelli GG. Synthesis of MIL-Modified Fe 3O 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhancing Uptake and Efficiency of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2874. [PMID: 35270016 PMCID: PMC8911361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A nanometric hybrid system consisting of a Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified through the growth of Fe-based Metal-organic frameworks of the MIL (Materials Institute Lavoiser) was developed. The obtained system retains both the nanometer dimensions and the magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and possesses increased the loading capability due to the highly porous Fe-MIL. It was tested to load, carry and release temozolomide (TMZ) for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme one of the most aggressive and deadly human cancers. The chemical characterization of the hybrid system was performed through various complementary techniques: X-ray-diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The nanomaterial showed low toxicity and an increased adsorption capacity compared to bare Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). It can load about 12 mg/g of TMZ and carry the drug into A172 cells without degradation. Our experimental data confirm that, after 48 h of treatment, the TMZ-loaded hybrid nanoparticles (15 and 20 μg/mL) suppressed human glioblastoma cell viability much more effectively than the free drug. Finally, we found that the internalization of the MIL-modified system is more evident than bare MNPs at all the used concentrations both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus suggesting that it can be capable of overcoming the blood-brain barrier and targeting brain tumors. In conclusion, these results indicate that this combined nanoparticle represents a highly promising drug delivery system for TMZ targeting into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Francesca Monforte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Francesca Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 92, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.L.V.); (G.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 92, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.L.V.); (G.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Fulvia Sinatra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 92, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.L.V.); (G.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Corrado Bongiorno
- CNR-IMM, Strada VIII no. 5 Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Mannino
- CNR-IMM, Strada VIII no. 5 Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 92, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.L.V.); (G.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Guglielmo Guido Condorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (F.L.P.)
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