1
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Kakkar S, Gupta P, Singh Yadav SP, Raj D, Singh G, Chauhan S, Mishra MK, Martín-Ortega E, Chiussi S, Kant K. Lateral flow assays: Progress and evolution of recent trends in point-of-care applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101188. [PMID: 39221210 PMCID: PMC11364909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper based point-of-care (PoC) detection platforms applying lateral flow assays (LFAs) have gained paramount approval in the diagnostic domain as well as in environmental applications owing to their ease of utility, low cost, and rapid signal readout. It has centralized the aspect of self-evaluation exhibiting promising potential in the last global pandemic era of Covid-19 implementing rapid management of public health in remote areas. In this perspective, the present review is focused towards landscaping the current framework of LFAs along with integration of components and characteristics for improving the assay by pushing the detection limits. The review highlights the synergistic aspects of assay designing, sample enrichment strategies, novel nanomaterials-based signal transducers, and high-end analytical techniques that contribute significantly towards sensitivity and specificity enhancement. Various recent studies are discussed supporting the innovations in LFA systems that focus upon the accuracy and reliability of rapid PoC testing. The review also provides a comprehensive overview of all the possible difficulties in commercialization of LFAs subjecting its applicability to pathogen surveillance, water and food testing, disease diagnostics, as well as to agriculture and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kakkar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Divakar Raj
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Garima Singh
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Sakshi Chauhan
- Dept. of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | | | - Elena Martín-Ortega
- IFCAE, Research Institute of Physics and Aerospace Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain
| | - Stefano Chiussi
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, New Materials Group, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Krishna Kant
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, 36310, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
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2
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Lai H, Huang R, Weng X, Huang B, Yao J, Pian Y. Classification and applications of nanomaterials in vitro diagnosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32314. [PMID: 38868029 PMCID: PMC11168482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of clinical diagnosis and treatment, many traditional and conventional in vitro diagnosis technologies are unable to meet the demands of clinical medicine development. In this situation, nanomaterials are rapidly developing and widely used in the field of in vitro diagnosis. Nanomaterials have distinct size-dependent physical or chemical properties, and their optical, magnetic, electrical, thermal, and biological properties can be modulated at the nanoscale by changing their size, shape, chemical composition, and surface functional groups, particularly because they have a larger specific surface area than macromaterials. They provide an amount of space to modify different molecules on their surface, allowing them to detect small substances, nucleic acids, proteins, and microorganisms. Combining nanomaterials with in vitro diagnosis is expected to result in lower detection limits, higher sensitivity, and stronger selectivity. In this review, we will discuss the classfication and properties of some common nanomaterials, as well as their applications in protein, nucleic acids, and other aspect detection and analysis for in vitro diagnosis, especially on aging-related nanodiagnostics. Finally, it is summarized with guidelines for in vitro diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Weng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Baoshan Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Quanzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Yaya Pian
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
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3
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Gong H, Gai S, Tao Y, Du Y, Wang Q, Ansari AA, Ding H, Wang Q, Yang P. Colorimetric and Photothermal Dual-Modal Switching Lateral Flow Immunoassay Based on a Forced Dispersion Prussian Blue Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8665-8673. [PMID: 38722711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key marker for a prostate cancer diagnosis. The low sensitivity of traditional lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) methods makes them unsuitable for point-of-care testing. Herein, we designed a nanozyme by in situ growth of Prussian blue (PB) within the pores of dendritic mesoporous silica (DMSN). The PB was forcibly dispersed into the pores of DMSN, leading to an increase in exposed active sites. Consequently, the atom utilization is enhanced, resulting in superior peroxidase (POD)-like activity compared to that of cubic PB. Antibody-modified DMSN@PB nanozymes serve as immunological probes in an enzymatic-enhanced colorimetric and photothermal dual-signal LFIA for PSA detection. After systematic optimization, the LFIA based on DMSN@PB successfully achieves a 4-fold amplification of the colorimetric signal within 7 min through catalytic oxidation of the chromogenic substrate by POD-like activity. Moreover, DMSN@PB exhibits an excellent photothermal conversion ability under 808 nm laser irradiation. Accordingly, photothermal signals are introduced to improve the anti-interference ability and sensitivity of LFIA, exhibiting a wide linear range (1-40 ng mL-1) and a low PSA detection limit (0.202 ng mL-1), which satisfies the early detection level of prostate cancer. This research provides a more accurate and reliable visualization analysis methodology for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264000, P. R. China
| | - Yuelin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Du
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | | | - He Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264000, P. R. China
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4
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Kim YJ, Rho WY, Park SM, Jun BH. Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:10. [PMID: 38486294 PMCID: PMC10938695 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy, which is a minimally invasive procedure as an alternative to tissue biopsy, has been introduced as a new diagnostic/prognostic measure. By screening disease-related markers from the blood or other biofluids, it promises early diagnosis, timely prognostication, and effective treatment of the diseases. However, there will be a long way until its realization due to its conceptual and practical challenges. The biomarkers detected by liquid biopsy, such as circulating tumor cell (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), are extraordinarily rare and often obscured by an abundance of normal cellular components, necessitating ultra-sensitive and accurate detection methods for the advancement of liquid biopsy techniques. Optical biosensors based on nanomaterials open an important opportunity in liquid biopsy because of their enhanced sensing performance with simple and practical properties. In this review article, we summarized recent innovations in optical nanomaterials to demonstrate the sensitive detection of protein, peptide, ctDNA, miRNA, exosome, and CTCs. Each study prepares the optical nanomaterials with a tailored design to enhance the sensing performance and to meet the requirements of each biomarker. The unique optical characteristics of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, upconversion NPs, silica NPs, polymeric NPs, and carbon nanomaterials are exploited for sensitive detection mechanisms. These recent advances in liquid biopsy using optical nanomaterials give us an opportunity to overcome challenging issues and provide a resource for understanding the unknown characteristics of the biomarkers as well as the mechanism of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Chonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Park
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jun BH. Advanced Optical Materials: From Materials to Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15790. [PMID: 37958773 PMCID: PMC10647361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical materials interact significantly with electromagnetic radiation in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared regions of the spectrum [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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6
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Garg S, Sachdeva A, Peeters M, McClements J. Point-of-Care Prostate Specific Antigen Testing: Examining Translational Progress toward Clinical Implementation. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3643-3658. [PMID: 37830899 PMCID: PMC10616866 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer and is attributable to over 375,000 deaths annually. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for PCa and therefore measuring patient PSA levels is an important aspect of the diagnostic pathway. Automated immunoassays are currently utilized for PSA analysis, but they require a laboratory setting with specialized equipment and trained personnel. This results in high diagnostic costs, extended therapeutic turnaround times, and restrictions on testing capabilities in resource-limited settings. Consequently, there is a strong drive to develop point-of-care (PoC) PSA tests that can offer accurate, low-cost, and rapid results at the time and place of the patient. However, many emerging PoC tests experience a trade-off between accuracy, affordability, and accessibility which distinctly limits their translational potential. This review comprehensively assesses the translational advantages and limitations of emerging laboratory-level and commercial PoC tests for PSA determination. Electrochemical and optical PSA sensors from 2013 to 2023 are systematically examined. Furthermore, we suggest how the translational potential of emerging tests can be optimized to achieve clinical implementation and thus improve PCa diagnosis globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saweta Garg
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
| | - Ashwin Sachdeva
- Division
of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
- Department
of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation
Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
| | - Marloes Peeters
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
| | - Jake McClements
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
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7
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Akbari Nakhjavani S, Tokyay BK, Soylemez C, Sarabi MR, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Biosensors for prostate cancer detection. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1248-1267. [PMID: 37147246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common tumors and a leading cause of mortality among men, resulting in ~375 000 deaths annually worldwide. Various analytical methods have been designed for quantitative and rapid detection of PC biomarkers. Electrochemical (EC), optical, and magnetic biosensors have been developed to detect tumor biomarkers in clinical and point-of-care (POC) settings. Although POC biosensors have shown potential for detection of PC biomarkers, some limitations, such as the sample preparation, should be considered. To tackle such shortcomings, new technologies have been utilized for development of more practical biosensors. Here, biosensing platforms for the detection of PC biomarkers such as immunosensors, aptasensors, genosensors, paper-based devices, microfluidic systems, and multiplex high-throughput platforms, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Akbari Nakhjavani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Begum K Tokyay
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Soylemez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Misagh R Sarabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany 70569
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany 70569; Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey.
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8
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Pranav, Laskar P, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Biomolecule-functionalized nanoformulations for prostate cancer theranostics. J Adv Res 2023; 51:197-217. [PMID: 36368516 PMCID: PMC10491979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even with the advancement in the areas of cancer nanotechnology, prostate cancer still poses a major threat to men's health. Nanomaterials and nanomaterial-derived theranostic systems have been explored for diagnosis, imaging, and therapy for different types of cancer still, for prostate cancer they have not delivered at full potential because of the limitations like in vivo biocompatibility, immune responses, precise targetability, and therapeutic outcome associated with the nanostructured system. AIM OF REVIEW Functionalizing nanomaterials with different biomolecules and bioactive agents provides advantages like specificity towards cancerous tumors, improved circulation time, and modulation of the immune response leading to early diagnosis and targeted delivery of cargo at the site of action. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this review, we have emphasized the classification and comparison of various nanomaterials based on biofunctionalization strategy and source of biomolecules such that it can be used for possible translation in clinical settings and future developments. This review highlighted the opportunities for embedding highly specific biological targeting moieties (antibody, aptamer, oligonucleotides, biopolymer, peptides, etc.) on nanoparticles which can improve the detection of prostate cancer-associated biomarkers at a very low limit of detection, direct visualization of prostate tumors and lastly for its therapy. Lastly, special emphasis was given to biomimetic nanomaterials which include functionalization with extracellular vesicles, exosomes and viral particles and their application for prostate cancer early detection and drug delivery. The present review paves a new pathway for next-generation biofunctionalized nanomaterials for prostate cancer theranostic application and their possibility in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Partha Laskar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
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9
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Hahm E, Jo A, Kang E, Yoo K, Shin M, An J, Pham X, Kim H, Kang H, Kim J, Jun B. Silica Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Optical NP-Embedded Silica Particles with Trimethoxy(2-Phenylethyl)silane. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2145. [PMID: 37513156 PMCID: PMC10384416 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) with optical properties embedded silica particles have been widely used in various fields because of their unique properties. The surfaces of optical NPs have been modified with various organic ligands to maintain their unique optical properties and colloidal stability. Among the surface modification methods, silica encapsulation of optical NPs is widely used to enhance their biocompatibility and stability. However, in the case of NPs with hydrophobic ligands on the surface, the ligands that determine the optical properties of the NPs may detach from the NPs, thereby changing the optical properties during silica encapsulation. Herein, we report a generally applicable silica encapsulation method using trimethoxy(2-phenylethyl)silane (TMPS) for non-hydrophilic optical NPs, such as quantum dots (QDs) and gold NPs. This silica encapsulation method was applied to fabricate multiple silica-encapsulated QD-embedded silica NPs (SiO2@QD@SiO2 NPs; QD2) and multiple silica-encapsulated gold NP-embedded silica NPs labeled with 2-naphthalene thiol (SiO2@Au2-NT@SiO2). The fabricated silica-encapsulated NPs exhibited optical properties without significant changes in the quantum yield or Raman signal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahla Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Yoo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsup Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuanhung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungmo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim J, Shin MS, Shin J, Kim HM, Pham XH, Park SM, Kim DE, Kim YJ, Jun BH. Recent Trends in Lateral Flow Immunoassays with Optical Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119600. [PMID: 37298550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, and convenient diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. Various detection methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, have been extensively used, with lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) recently emerging as a major diagnostic tool. Nanoparticles (NPs) with characteristic optical properties are used as probes for LFIA, and researchers have presented various types of optical NPs with modified optical properties. Herein, we review the literature on LFIA with optical NPs for the detection of specific targets in the context of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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11
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Kim J, Lee S, Lee YK, Seong B, Kim HM, Kyeong S, Kim W, Ham K, Pham XH, Hahm E, Mun JY, Safaa MA, Lee YS, Jun BH, Park HS. In Vitro Tracking of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Using Ultra-Sensitive Quantum Dot-Embedded Silica Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065794. [PMID: 36982869 PMCID: PMC10052325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nanoscale spatiotemporal resolution of single-particle tracking (SPT) renders it a powerful method for exploring single-molecule dynamics in living cells or tissues, despite the disadvantages of using traditional organic fluorescence probes, such as the weak fluorescent signal against the strong cellular autofluorescence background coupled with a fast-photobleaching rate. Quantum dots (QDs), which enable tracking targets in multiple colors, have been proposed as an alternative to traditional organic fluorescence dyes; however, they are not ideally suitable for applying SPT due to their hydrophobicity, cytotoxicity, and blinking problems. This study reports an improved SPT method using silica-coated QD-embedded silica nanoparticles (QD2), which represent brighter fluorescence and are less toxic than single QDs. After treatment of QD2 in 10 μg/mL, the label was retained for 96 h with 83.76% of labeling efficiency, without impaired cell function such as angiogenesis. The improved stability of QD2 facilitates the visualization of in situ endothelial vessel formation without real-time staining. Cells retain QD2 fluorescence signal for 15 days at 4 °C without significant photobleaching, indicating that QD2 has overcome the limitations of SPT enabling long-term intracellular tracking. These results proved that QD2 could be used for SPT as a substitute for traditional organic fluorophores or single quantum dots, with its photostability, biocompatibility, and superior brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunray Lee
- Stem Cell Niche Division, CEFO Research Center, Seoul 03150, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Lee
- Stem Cell Niche Division, CEFO Research Center, Seoul 03150, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Seong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - San Kyeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Mun
- Stem Cell Niche Division, CEFO Research Center, Seoul 03150, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Park
- Stem Cell Niche Division, CEFO Research Center, Seoul 03150, Republic of Korea
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Park SM, Jun BH. Synthesis and Applications of Optical Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:297. [PMID: 36678049 PMCID: PMC9862482 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As optical materials have shown outstanding physical and chemical characteristics in the bio, medical, electronics, energy and related fields of studies, the potential benefits of using these materials have been widely recognized [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Park
- Department of Urology, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Makhneva E, Sklenárová D, Brandmeier JC, Hlaváček A, Gorris HH, Skládal P, Farka Z. Influence of Label and Solid Support on the Performance of Heterogeneous Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16376-16383. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Makhneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Sklenárová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C. Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H. Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Quantum Dots Mediated Imaging and Phototherapy in Cancer Spheroid Models: State of the Art and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102136. [PMID: 36297571 PMCID: PMC9611360 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles known for their exceptional optical properties, i.e., high fluorescence emission, photostability, narrow emission spectrum, and broad excitation wavelength. These properties make QDs an exciting choice for bioimaging applications, notably in cancer imaging. Challenges lie in their ability to specifically label targeted cells. Numerous studies have been carried out with QDs coupled to various ligands like peptides, antibodies, aptamers, etc., to achieve efficient targeting. Most studies were conducted in vitro with two-dimensional cell monolayers (n = 8902) before evolving towards more sophisticated models. Three-dimensional multicellular tumor models better recapitulate in vivo conditions by mimicking cell-to-cell and cell-matrix interactions. To date, only few studies (n = 34) were conducted in 3D in vitro models such as spheroids, whereas these models could better represent QDs behavior in tumors compared to monolayers. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present a state of the art on the studies conducted with Quantum Dots on spheroid models for imaging and phototherapy purposes.
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Ham KM, Kim M, Bock S, Kim J, Kim W, Jung HS, An J, Song H, Kim JW, Kim HM, Rho WY, Lee SH, Park SM, Kim DE, Jun BH. Highly Bright Silica-Coated InP/ZnS Quantum Dot-Embedded Silica Nanoparticles as Biocompatible Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810977. [PMID: 36142888 PMCID: PMC9502493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have outstanding optical properties such as strong fluorescence, excellent photostability, broad absorption spectra, and narrow emission bands, which make them useful for bioimaging. However, cadmium (Cd)-based QDs, which have been widely studied, have potential toxicity problems. Cd-free QDs have also been studied, but their weak photoluminescence (PL) intensity makes their practical use in bioimaging challenging. In this study, Cd-free QD nanoprobes for bioimaging were fabricated by densely embedding multiple indium phosphide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnS) QDs onto silica templates and coating them with a silica shell. The fabricated silica-coated InP/ZnS QD-embedded silica nanoparticles (SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs) exhibited hydrophilic properties because of the surface silica shell. The quantum yield (QY), maximum emission peak wavelength, and full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the final fabricated SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs were 6.61%, 527.01 nm, and 44.62 nm, respectively. Moreover, the brightness of the particles could be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of InP/ZnS QDs in the SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs. When SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs were administered to tumor syngeneic mice, the fluorescence signal was prominently detected in the tumor because of the preferential distribution of the SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs, demonstrating their applicability in bioimaging with NPs. Thus, SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs have the potential to successfully replace Cd-based QDs as highly bright and biocompatible fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Min Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sungje Bock
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Wooyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Jaehyun An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Company of BioSquare, Hwaseong 18449, Korea
| | | | | | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Seung-min Park
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-E.K.); (B.-H.J.)
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-E.K.); (B.-H.J.)
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16
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Seder I, Ham KM, Jun BH, Kim SJ. Mechanical Timer-Actuated Fluidic Dispensing System: Applications to an Automated Multistep Lateral Flow Immunoassay with High Sensitivity. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12884-12889. [PMID: 36069050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a fluidic dispensing system that can automate the sequential fluidic delivery of multiple reagents for lateral flow assays. Highly sensitive assays typically require multiple solution-based sequences, including washing steps and signal amplification. However, implementation of these types of sequences on an automated and highly sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) platform remains challenging. Our platform consists of two disposable cartridges with reagent chambers and a test strip and an instrument that has a mechanical timer to actuate the cam-follower-gear components. The timer rotation sequentially shifts the position of the chambers and loads the reagents to the test paper strip. The dispensing intervals are controlled at a variation of <1% within a total actuation time of 60 min. Unlike other POCT devices, the timing of fluid delivery in our timer-actuated platform is not dependent on the selection of substrates and reagents, and the unique approach to fluidic delivery results in no reagent overlap or carryover, minimal reagent loss, and highly accurate fluidic timing control for highly sensitive solution-based assays. As a model application, the proposed platform applies a gold enhancement solution to amplify the detection signal and detect prostate-specific antigen with a limit of detection of 86 pg/mL within 27 min. This platform provides an opportunity for solution-based POCT applications with high sensitivity, thereby satisfying the requirement for user-friendly operations in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Seder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Min Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Dessale M, Mengistu G, Mengist HM. Nanotechnology: A Promising Approach for Cancer Diagnosis, Therapeutics and Theragnosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3735-3749. [PMID: 36051353 PMCID: PMC9427008 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s378074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the most devastating disease and the major cause of mortality worldwide. Although early diagnosis and treatment are the key approach in fighting against cancer, the available conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods are not efficient. Besides, ineffective cancer cell selectivity and toxicity of traditional chemotherapy remain the most significant challenge. These limitations entail the need for the development of both safe and effective cancer diagnosis and treatment options. Due to its robust application, nanotechnology could be a promising method for in-vivo imaging and detection of cancer cells and cancer biomarkers. Nanotechnology could provide a quick, safe, cost-effective, and efficient method for cancer management. It also provides simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of cancer using nano-theragnostic particles that facilitate early detection and selective destruction of cancer cells. Updated and recent discussions are important for selecting the best cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management options, and new insights on designing effective protocols are utmost important. This review discusses the application of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis, therapeutics, and theragnosis and provides future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Dessale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Mengistu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia
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18
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Bragina VA, Khomyakova E, Orlov AV, Znoyko SL, Mochalova EN, Paniushkina L, Shender VO, Erbes T, Evtushenko EG, Bagrov DV, Lavrenova VN, Nazarenko I, Nikitin PI. Highly Sensitive Nanomagnetic Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles by Immunochromatographic Strips: A Tool for Liquid Biopsy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1579. [PMID: 35564289 PMCID: PMC9101557 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising agents for liquid biopsy-a non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of cancer and evaluation of therapy response. However, EV potential is limited by the lack of sufficiently sensitive, time-, and cost-efficient methods for their registration. This research aimed at developing a highly sensitive and easy-to-use immunochromatographic tool based on magnetic nanoparticles for EV quantification. The tool is demonstrated by detection of EVs isolated from cell culture supernatants and various body fluids using characteristic biomarkers, CD9 and CD81, and a tumor-associated marker-epithelial cell adhesion molecules. The detection limit of 3.7 × 105 EV/µL is one to two orders better than the most sensitive traditional lateral flow system and commercial ELISA kits. The detection specificity is ensured by an isotype control line on the test strip. The tool's advantages are due to the spatial quantification of EV-bound magnetic nanolabels within the strip volume by an original electronic technique. The inexpensive tool, promising for liquid biopsy in daily clinical routines, can be extended to other relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A. Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
| | - Elena Khomyakova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
| | - Elizaveta N. Mochalova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Liliia Paniushkina
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - Victoria O. Shender
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.S.); (V.N.L.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thalia Erbes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Evgeniy G. Evtushenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.E.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Dmitry V. Bagrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.E.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Victoria N. Lavrenova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.S.); (V.N.L.)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.E.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.P.); (I.N.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.K.); (A.V.O.); (S.L.Z.); (E.N.M.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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