A Review on the Effects of ZnO Nanowire Morphology on the Performance of Interpenetrating Bulk Heterojunction Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Control of ZnO nanowires growth in flexible perovskite solar cells: A mini-review

Due to their excellent properties, Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NW) have been attractive and considered as a promising electron-transporting layer (ETL) in flexible Perovskite Solar Cells (FPSCs). Since the first report on ZnO NWs-based FPSCs giving 2.6 % power conversion efficiency (in 2013), great improvements have been made, allowing to reach up to∼15 % nowadays. However, some issues still need to be addressed, especially on flexible substrates, to achieve uniform and well-aligned ZnO NWs via low-cost chemical solution techniques. Several parameters, such as the growing method (time, temperature, precursors concentration), addition of seed layer (thickness, roughness, annealing temperature) and substrate (rigid or flexible), play a crucial role in ZnO NWs properties (i.e., length, diameter, density and aspect ratio). In this review, these parameters allowing to control the properties of ZnO NWs, like the growth techniques, utilization of seed layers and the growing method (time or precursors concentration) have been summarized. Then, a particular focus on the ZnO NW's role in FPSCs as well as the use of these results on the development of ZnO NWs-based FPSCs have been highlighted.

Vertically Aligned Nanowires and Quantum Dots: Promises and Results in Light Energy Harvesting

The synthesis of crystals with a high surface-to-volume ratio is essential for innovative, high-performance electronic devices and sensors. The easiest way to achieve this in integrated devices with electronic circuits is through the synthesis of high-aspect-ratio nanowires aligned vertically to the substrate surface. Such surface structuring is widely employed for the fabrication of photoanodes for solar cells, either combined with semiconducting quantum dots or metal halide perovskites. In this review, we focus on wet chemistry recipes for the growth of vertically aligned nanowires and technologies for their surface functionalization with quantum dots, highlighting the procedures that yield the best results in photoconversion efficiencies on rigid and flexible substrates. We also discuss the effectiveness of their implementation. Among the three main materials used for the fabrication of nanowire-quantum dot solar cells, ZnO is the most promising, particularly due to its piezo-phototronic effects. Techniques for functionalizing the surfaces of nanowires with quantum dots still need to be refined to be effective in covering the surface and practical to implement. The best results have been obtained from slow multi-step local drop casting. It is promising that good efficiencies have been achieved with both environmentally toxic lead-containing quantum dots and environmentally friendly zinc selenide.

Secured Nanosynthesis-Deposition Aerosol Process for Composite Thin Films Incorporating Highly Dispersed Nanoparticles

Application of nanocomposites in daily life requires not only small nanoparticles (NPs) well dispersed in a matrix, but also a manufacturing process that is mindful of the operator and the environment. Avoiding any exposure to NPs is one such way, and direct liquid reaction-injection (DLRI) aims to fulfill this need. DLRI is based on the controlled in situ synthesis of NPs from the decomposition of suitable organometallic precursors in conditions that are compatible with a pulsed injection mode of an aerosol into a downstream process. Coupled with low-pressure plasma, DLRI produces nanocomposite with homogeneously well-dispersed small nanoparticles that in the particular case of ZnO-DLC nanocomposite exhibit unique properties. DLRI favorably compares with the direct liquid injection of ex situ formed NPs. The exothermic hydrolysis reaction of the organometallic precursor at the droplet-gas interface leads to the injection of small and highly dispersed NPs and, consequently, the deposition of fine and controlled distribution in the nanocomposite. The scope of DLRI nanosynthesis has been extended to several metal oxides such as zinc, tin, tungsten, and copper to generalize the concept. Hence, DLRI is an attractive method to synthesize, inject, and deposit nanoparticles and meets the prevention and atom economy requirements of green chemistry.