Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Antibiotic Removal

Comparison and evaluation of neutralization of clinically frequently used antimicrobial agents using three different culture media in simulated blood cultures

The performance of BACT/ALERT FA/FN Plus (France) blood culture containing a novel resin, DL (China) blood culture containing common resin, and adsorbent-free REDOX (USA) blood culture relying on dilution for antimicrobial neutralization at %peak serum concentration was evaluated by measuring the recovery of organisms and time to detection (TTD) in nine simulated microorganism-antimicrobial combination blood cultures. Significant differences were observed in the recovery rates among the aerobic media: 87.5% for BACT/ALERT media, 42.9% for DL media, and 12.5% for REDOX media. In contrast, no statistical difference was found in the TTD between FA Plus media and DL aerobic media. For the anaerobic media, the recovery rates were 91.4% for BACT/ALERT media, 2.9% for DL media, and 14.3% for REDOX media, with significant differences only between BACT/ALERT FN Plus media and the others. Among the seven main antimicrobial categories, only BACT/ALERT FA/FN Plus culture media demonstrated high recovery of microorganisms, with the exception of carbapenems. The DL culture media exhibited a relatively high recovery rate of microorganisms in the presence of piperacillin/tazobactam, levofloxacin, and gentamicin, but only in aerobic conditions. Conversely, REDOX media displayed microorganism recovery solely in the presence of gentamicin. BACT/ALERT FA/FN Plus culture media with novel resin showed absolute advantages over DL and REDOX culture media and can, therefore, be selectively applied in clinical settings when antimicrobials are used prior to blood collection. DL culture media, containing common resin, outperformed adsorbent-free dilution-based REDOX culture media, making it a viable backup option. There is a need to focus on improving the neutralization of carbapenems with current inefficiency in all three medias.

IMPORTANCE

We present a study on performance comparison of three different commercial culture media for neutralization of antibiotic effects in simulated blood cultures. BACT/ALERT (FA Plus and FN Plus) culture media with novel resin showed absolute advantages over DL and REDOX culture media at %PSL concentration of antimicrobials.

Unlocking the potential of Eichhornia crassipes for wastewater treatment: phytoremediation of aquatic pollutants, a strategy for advancing Sustainable Development Goal-06 clean water

The 2030 Agenda, established in 2015, contains seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at addressing global challenges. SDG-06, focused on clean water, drives the increase in basic sanitation coverage, the management of wastewater discharges, and water quality. Wastewater treatment could contribute to achieving 11 of the 17 SDGs. For this purpose, phytoremediation is a low-cost and adaptable alternative to the reduction and control of aquatic pollutants. The objective of this study is to highlight the role of macrophytes in the removal and degradation of these compounds, focusing on Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, commonly known as water hyacinth. The reported values indicate that this plant has a removal capacity of over 70% for metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, mercury, cadmium, and metalloids such as arsenic. Additionally, it significantly improves water quality parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, and color. It also reduces the presence of phosphates, and nitrogen compounds to values below 50%. It also plays a significant role in the removal of organic contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. This study describes several valuable by-products from the biomass of the water hyacinth, including animal and fish feed, energy generation (such as briquettes), ethanol, biogas, and composting. According to the analysis carried out, E. crassipes has a great capacity for phytoremediation, which makes it a viable solution for wastewater management, with great potential for water ecosystem restoration.

Novel Ag-Bridged Z-Scheme CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 Heterojunction: Excellent Photocatalytic Performance and Insight into the Underlying Mechanism

The construction of semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts that improve the separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers is an effective and widely employed strategy to boost photocatalytic performance. Herein, we have successfully constructed a CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme heterojunction with an Ag-bridge as an effective charge transfer channel by a facile process. The heterostructure consists of both CdS and Ag nanoparticles anchored on the surface of Bi2WO6 nanosheets. The photocatalytic efficiency of the CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 system was studied by the decontamination of tetracycline (TC) and Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420). The results exhibited that CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 shows markedly higher photocatalytic performance than that of CdS, Bi2WO6, Ag/Bi2WO6, and CdS/Bi2WO6. The trapping experiment results verified that the •O2- and h+ radicals are the key active species. The results of photoluminescence spectral analysis and photocurrent responses indicated that the CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 heterojunctions exhibit exceptional efficiency in separating and transferring photoinduced electron-hole pairs. Based on a series of characterization results, the boosted photocatalytic activity of the CdS/Ag/Bi2WO6 system is mostly due to the successful formation of the Ag-bridged Z-scheme heterojunction; these can not only inhibit the recombination rate of photoinduced charge carriers but also possess a splendid redox capacity. The work provides a way for designing a Z-scheme photocatalytic system based on Ag-bridged for boosting photocatalytic performance.

In situ sonochemical synthesis of flower-like N-graphyne/BiOCl0.5Br0.5 microspheres for efficient removal of levofloxacin

In this work, N-graphyne is in situ coupled with BiOCl0.5Br0.5via a facile one-step sonochemical method. To our knowledge, both the synthesis strategy for BiOCl0.5Br0.5 and the N-graphyne/BiOCl0.5Br0.5 photocatalytic system are new developments. A collection of characterization methods is adopted to detect the morphologies, structures, and electronic and optical properties. The results demonstrate that wrinkle-like N-graphyne nanosheets successfully enwind around or on flower-like BiOCl0.5Br0.5 microspheres, which are regularly assembled by BiOCl0.5Br0.5 nanosheets. Compared with pristine BiOCl0.5Br0.5, N-graphyne/BiOCl0.5Br0.5 composites exhibit superior adsorption capacity and visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin. In particular, the optimal N-graphyne amount for ameliorating the photocatalytic performance of BiOCl0.5Br0.5 is ascertained. In addition, the good stable performance for photocatalysis is confirmed by four cycling experiments. The dominant active species is confirmed to be O2˙- during photodegradation. The improved photocatalytic activity is attributed to the enhanced visible light response and the accelerated transfer/separation of photogenerated carriers by N-graphyne, which are verified using UV-vis absorption spectra, photocurrents, photopotentials, Nyquist plots, and Mott-Schottky curves. This study develops a new perspective for the synthesis and modification of BiOX solid solution, which can be used as an efficient photocatalyst.

Biobased chitosan-derived self-nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers containing nitrogen-doped zeolites for efficient removal of uremic toxins during hemodialysis

Highly efficient adsorbents are needed to remove uremic toxins and reduce the economic and societal burden of the current dialysis treatments in resource-limited environments. In this study, nanostructured porous carbon nanofibers with nitrogen-doped zeolites (NZ-PCNF) were prepared, by electrospinning zeolites with chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) blends, followed by a one-step carbonization process, without further activation steps or aggressive chemical additives for N-doping. The results showed that N-zeolites were successfully integrated into an ultrafine carbon nanofiber network, with a uniform nanofiber diameter of approximately 25 nm, hierarchical porous structure (micro- and mesopores), and high specific surface area (639.29 m2/g), facilitating uremic toxin diffusion and adsorption. The self-N-doped structure in the NZ-PCNF removed more creatinine (∼1.8 times) than the porous carbon nanofibers when using the same weight of precursor materials. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests were performed to verify the safety of NZ-PCNF. This study provides a novel strategy for transforming chitosan-based materials into state-of-the-art porous carbon nanofiber/zeolite self-N-doped composites, affording an efficient bioderived adsorbent for the removal of uremic toxins in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Electrochemical reduction of wastewater by non-noble metal cathodes: From terminal purification to upcycling recovery

A shift beyond conventional environmental remediation to a sustainable pollutant upgrading conversion is extremely desirable due to the rising demand for resources and widespread chemical contamination. Electrochemical reduction processes (ERPs) have drawn considerable attention in recent years in the fields of oxyanion reduction, metal recovery, detoxification and high-value conversion of halogenated organics and benzenes. ERPs also have the potential to address the inherent limitations of conventional chemical reduction technologies in terms of hydrogen and noble metal requirements. Fundamentally, mechanisms of ERPs can be categorized into three main pathways: direct electron transfer, atomic hydrogen mediation, and electrode redox pairs. Furthermore, this review consolidates state-of-the-art non-noble metal cathodes and their performance comparable to noble metals (e.g., Pd, Pt) in electrochemical reduction of inorganic/organic pollutants. To overview the research trends of ERPs, we innovatively sort out the relationship between the electrochemical reduction rate, the charge of the pollutant, and the number of electron transfers based on the statistical analysis. And we propose potential countermeasures of pulsed electrocatalysis and flow mode enhancement for the bottlenecks in electron injection and mass transfer for electronegative pollutant reduction. We conclude by discussing the gaps in the scientific and engineering level of ERPs, and envisage that ERPs can be a low-carbon pathway for industrial wastewater detoxification and valorization.

Inorganic Skeleton Reinforcement-A Generic Approach to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Biochar

Biochar is considered as a promising candidate for emerging sustainable energy systems and environmental technology applications. However, the improvement of mechanical properties remains challenges. Herein, we propose a generic strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of bio-based carbon materials through inorganic skeleton reinforcement. As a proof-of-concept, silane, geopolymer, and inorganic gel are selected as precursors. The composites' structures are characterized and an inorganic skeleton reinforcement mechanism is elucidated. Specifically, two types of reinforcement of the silicon-oxygen skeleton network formed in situ with biomass pyrolysis and the silica-oxy-al-oxy network are constructed to improve the mechanical properties. A significant improvement in mechanical strength was achieved for bio-based carbon materials. The compressive strength of well-balanced porous carbon materials modified by silane can reach up to 88.9 kPa, geopolymer-modified carbon material exhibits an enhanced compressive strength of 36.8 kPa, and that of inorganic-gel-polymer-modified carbon material is 124.6 kPa. Moreover, the prepared carbon materials with enhanced mechanical properties show excellent adsorption performance and high reusability for organic pollutant model compound methylene blue dye. This work demonstrates a promising and universal strategy for enhancing the mechanical properties of biomass-derived porous carbon materials.

Application, mechanism and prospects of Fe-based/ Fe-biochar catalysts in heterogenous ozonation process: A review

A growing number of novel organic contaminants have escalated the demands and challenges for water treatment technology. Advanced oxidation processes based on ozone have the advantage of strong oxidative capacity and higher efficiency, which have promising application prospects in the treatment of refractory organic contaminants. Biochar has attracted a lot of interest in recent years in wastewater treatment owing to its porous structure, portable preparation and outstanding stability. Moreover, iron species are widely used in catalytic ozonation owing to their magnetic polarization, vast abundance and low price. Despite a plethora of research on Fe-based catalysts in ozonation process, the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation with Fe-loaded biochar lacks a comprehensive compendium. This review intends to introduce the research progress on Fe-based catalysts and Fe-loaded biochar in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation progress, summarize and further explore the mechanisms and detection techniques of various active components in catalytic ozonation, as well as providing fresh insights for future research.