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Shukla K, Mishra V, Singh J, Varshney V, Verma R, Srivastava S. Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: A double-edged sword. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5675-5688. [PMID: 38285130 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing discipline that has the potential to transform the way we approach problems in a variety of fields, including agriculture. The use of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture has gained popularity in recent years. It has various applications in agriculture, such as the development of nanoscale materials and devices to boost agricultural productivity, enhance food quality and safety, improve the efficiency of water and nutrient usage, and reduce environmental pollution. Nanotechnology has proven to be very beneficial in this field, particularly in the development of nanoscale delivery systems for agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, and growth regulators. These nanoscale delivery technologies offer various benefits over conventional delivery systems, including better penetration and distribution, enhanced efficacy, and lower environmental impact. Encapsulating agrochemicals in nanoscale particles enables direct delivery to the targeted site in the plant, thereby reducing waste and minimizing off-target effects. Plants are fundamental building blocks of all ecosystems and evaluating the interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and plants is a crucial aspect of risk assessment. This critical review therefore aims to provide an overview of the latest advances regarding the positive and negative effects of nanotechnology in agriculture. It also explores potential future research directions focused on ensuring the safe utilization of NPs in this field, which could lead to sustainable development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shukla
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishnu Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jawahar Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Vishal Varshney
- Department of Botany, Govt. Shaheed GendSingh College, Charama, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Rajnandini Verma
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Ernst D, Kolenčík M, Šebesta M, Žitniak Čurná V, Qian Y, Straka V, Ducsay L, Kratošová G, Ďurišová Ľ, Gažo J, Baláži J. Enhancing Maize Yield and Quality with Metal-Based Nanoparticles without Translocation Risks: A Brief Field Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1936. [PMID: 39065463 PMCID: PMC11280334 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown physiological and yield intensification of selected crops with the application of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the impact on the quantitative, qualitative, and yield parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) in field conditions remains highly debated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), gold NPs anchored to meso-biosilica (Au-NP-bioSi), and titanium dioxide (TiO2-NPs) as biological stimulants under field conditions during the vegetation season of 2021 in the Central European region. The study assessed the effects on the number of plants, yield, yield components, and nutritional quality, including mineral nutrients, starch, and crude protein levels. The potential translocation of these chemically-physically stable NPs, which could pose a hazard, was also investigated. The results indicate that Au-NP-bioSi and ZnO-NPs-treatments were the most beneficial for yield and yield components at a statistically significant level. Mineral nutrient outcomes were varied, with the NP-free variant performing the best for phosphorus-levels, while Au-NP-bioSi and ZnO-NPs were optimal for crude protein. Starch content was comparable across the TiO2-NPs, Au-NP-bioSi, and control variants. Importantly, we observed no hazardous translocation of NPs or negative impacts on maize grain quality. This supports the hypothesis that NPs can serve as an effective tool for precise and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Ernst
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.E.); (V.Ž.Č.); (V.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Marek Kolenčík
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.E.); (V.Ž.Č.); (V.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Martin Šebesta
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Žitniak Čurná
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.E.); (V.Ž.Č.); (V.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihubei Lu, Kunming 650091, China;
| | - Viktor Straka
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.E.); (V.Ž.Č.); (V.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Ladislav Ducsay
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.E.); (V.Ž.Č.); (V.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Gabriela Kratošová
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Ľuba Ďurišová
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.Ď.); (J.G.)
| | - Ján Gažo
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.Ď.); (J.G.)
| | - Juraj Baláži
- Institute of Design and Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
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Singh R, Širić I, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Al-Shahari EA, Alsudays IM, Bachheti A, Goala M, Abou Fayssal S, Kumar P, Eid EM. Impact of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticle and liquid leachate of mushroom compost on agronomic and biochemical response of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) under saline stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43731-43742. [PMID: 38907815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The cultivation of ornamental horticultural crops under salinity stress has been a challenge for growers all over the world. In this study, an attempt was made for pot cultivation of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. var. Pusa Basanti Gainda) in salt-stressed (SS) soil (150 mM) with the combined use of mushroom compost leachate (CL) and foliar application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). For this purpose, a total of six pot treatments, i.e., borewell water (BW; control), T1 (BW with SS), T2 (BW with SS and TiO2-NPs), T3 (CL supplemented), T4 (CL with SS), and T5 (CL with SS and TiO2-NPs) were conducted in triplicate. The results of this study showed that CL supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the physicochemical i.e., pH (14.5%), electrical conductivity (32.9%), total nitrogen (27.4%), total phosphorus (247.6%)), and nutrient (organic matter: 119.6%) profiles of soil which later helped in higher growth (30-35%) and yield (5.4-40.7%) of T. erecta. In CL-based treatments, the biochemical constituents were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in BW-irrigated ones. Also, the levels of selected stress defense enzymes were significantly increased under SS treatment but reduced under TiO2-NP application. Overall, it was observed that the combined application of CL and TiO2-NPs (T5 treatment) was the most helpful treatment for enhanced germination, growth, yield, biochemical parameters, and better plant enzymatic activities to cope with saline stress. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of T. erecta plants under saline stress which is crucial for the development of targeted interventions aimed at improving plant tolerance to saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattan Singh
- Department of Food Technology, Uttaranchal University, 248007, Dehradun, India
| | - Ivan Širić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, 61913, Muhayl Asser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Al-Shahari
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, 61321, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam M Alsudays
- Biology Department, College of Science, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Madhumita Goala
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Sami Abou Fayssal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, Sofia, 1797, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut, 1302, Lebanon
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, India.
- Research and Development Division, Society for AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Ebrahem M Eid
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
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Zhang P, Jiang Y, Schwab F, Monikh FA, Grillo R, White JC, Guo Z, Lynch I. Strategies for Enhancing Plant Immunity and Resilience Using Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9051-9060. [PMID: 38742946 PMCID: PMC11137868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Research on plant-nanomaterial interactions has greatly advanced over the past decade. One particularly fascinating discovery encompasses the immunomodulatory effects in plants. Due to the low doses needed and the comparatively low toxicity of many nanomaterials, nanoenabled immunomodulation is environmentally and economically promising for agriculture. It may reduce environmental costs associated with excessive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can lead to soil and water pollution. Furthermore, nanoenabled strategies can enhance plant resilience against various biotic and abiotic stresses, contributing to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and the reduction of crop losses due to environmental factors. While nanoparticle immunomodulatory effects are relatively well-known in animals, they are still to be understood in plants. Here, we provide our perspective on the general components of the plant's immune system, including the signaling pathways, networks, and molecules of relevance for plant nanomodulation. We discuss the recent scientific progress in nanoenabled immunomodulation and nanopriming and lay out key avenues to use plant immunomodulation for agriculture. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK or CPK) pathway are of particular interest due to their interconnected function and significance in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, we underscore that understanding the plant hormone salicylic acid is vital for nanoenabled applications to induce systemic acquired resistance. It is suggested that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating environmental impact assessments and focusing on scalability, can expedite the realization of enhanced crop yields through nanotechnology while fostering a healthier environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaqi Jiang
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation,
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fabienne Schwab
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Grillo
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Jason C. White
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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Li W, Keller AA. Integrating Targeted Metabolomics and Targeted Proteomics to Study the Responses of Wheat Plants to Engineered Nanomaterials. ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 4:507-520. [PMID: 38638683 PMCID: PMC11022172 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a multiomics investigation into the metabolic and proteomic responses of wheat to molybdenum (Mo)- and copper (Cu)-based engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exposure via root and leaf application methods. Wheat plants underwent a four-week growth period with a 16 h photoperiod (light intensity set at 150 μmol·m-2·s-1), at 22 °C and 60% humidity. Six distinct treatments were applied, including control conditions alongside exposure to Mo- and Cu-based ENMs through both root and leaf routes. The exposure dosage amounted to 6.25 mg of the respective element per plant. An additional treatment with a lower dose (0.6 mg Mo/plant) of Mo ENM exclusively through the root system was introduced upon the detection of phytotoxicity. Utilizing LC-MS/MS analysis, 82 metabolites across various classes and 24 proteins were assessed in different plant tissues (roots, stems, leaves) under diverse treatments. The investigation identified 58 responsive metabolites and 19 responsive proteins for Cu treatments, 71 responsive metabolites, and 24 responsive proteins for Mo treatments, mostly through leaf exposure for Cu and root exposure for Mo. Distinct tissue-specific preferences for metabolite accumulation were revealed, highlighting the prevalence of organic acids and fatty acids in stem or root tissues, while sugars and amino acids were abundant in leaves, mirroring their roles in energy storage and photosynthesis. Joint-pathway analysis was conducted and unveiled 23 perturbed pathways across treatments. Among these, Mo exposure via roots impacted all identified pathways, whereas exposure via leaf affected 15 pathways, underscoring the reliance on exposure route of metabolic and proteomic responses. The coordinated response observed in protein and metabolite concentrations, particularly in amino acids, highlighted a dynamic and interconnected proteomic-to-metabolic-to-proteomic relationship. Furthermore, the contrasting expression patterns observed in glutamate dehydrogenase (upregulation at 1.38 ≤ FC ≤ 1.63 with high Mo dose, and downregulation at 0.13 ≤ FC ≤ 0.54 with low Mo dose) and its consequential impact on glutamine expression (7.67 ≤ FC ≤ 39.60 with high Mo dose and 1.50 ≤ FC ≤ 1.95 with low Mo dose) following Mo root exposure highlighted dose-dependent regulatory trends influencing proteins and metabolites. These findings offer a multidimensional understanding of plant responses to ENMs exposure, guiding agricultural practices and environmental safety protocols while advancing knowledge on nanomaterial impacts on plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Bren School of Environmental
Science and Management, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arturo A. Keller
- Bren School of Environmental
Science and Management, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Tang Y, Zhao W, Zhu G, Tan Z, Huang L, Zhang P, Gao L, Rui Y. Nano-Pesticides and Fertilizers: Solutions for Global Food Security. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:90. [PMID: 38202545 PMCID: PMC10780761 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology emerges as an important way to safeguard global food security amid the escalating challenges posed by the expansion of the global population and the impacts of climate change. The perfect fusion of this breakthrough technology with traditional agriculture promises to revolutionize the way agriculture is traditionally practiced and provide effective solutions to the myriad of challenges in agriculture. Particularly noteworthy are the applications of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, which have become milestones in sustainable agriculture and offer lasting alternatives to traditional methods. This review meticulously explores the key role of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in advancing sustainable agriculture. By focusing on the dynamic development of nanotechnology in the field of sustainable agriculture and its ability to address the overarching issue of global food security, this review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of nanotechnology to pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Weichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (W.Z.); (Z.T.)
| | - Guikai Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (W.Z.); (Z.T.)
| | - Lili Huang
- Jiaer Chen Academician Workstation, Jinan Huaxin Automation Engineering Co., Ltd., Xincheng Road, Shanghe County, Jinan 251616, China;
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
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Salama DM, Osman SA, Shaaban EA, Abd Elwahed MS, Abd El-Aziz ME. Effect of foliar application of phosphorus nanoparticles on the performance and sustainable agriculture of sweet corn. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108058. [PMID: 37778115 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional phosphorus fertilizers are necessary for plant growth but about 80-90% are lost into the surrounding environment via irrigation, therefore nano-fertilizers have been developed as slow-release fertilizers to achieve sustainable agriculture. This trial investigated the impact of the foliar application of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NPs) as a source of nano-phosphorus (P-NPs) on two cultivars of sweet corn (yellow and white) throughout two seasons. The morphology and structure of the prepared HA-NPs were characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). In addition, agro-morphological criteria, chemical contents (i.e., photosynthetic pigments, phenols, indoles, minerals, etc.), and genomic template stability percentage (GTS%) were evaluated in the produced sweet corn. The application of 50 mg/l HA-NPs improved the growth characteristics, yield per hectare, leaf pigments, and chemical content of yellow sweet corn, whereas the application of 100 mg/l of HA-NPs to white sweet corn enhanced the vegetative characteristics, production, photosynthetic pigments, phenols, and indoles. The difference in results may be due to the presence of a +ve unique band with SCoT-4 and SCot-2 primers at 1250 and 470 bp in yellow and white corn treated with 50 and 100 mg/l, respectively. The minimum GTS% was recorded at a concentration of 75 mg/l for both white and yellow corn. The HA-NPs can be applied as a foliar source of P-NPs to achieve agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Salama
- Vegetable Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
| | - Samira A Osman
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Essam A Shaaban
- Pomology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - M S Abd Elwahed
- Botany Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Abd El-Aziz
- Polymers & Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
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