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Pavithra CLP, Dey SR. Advances on multi‐dimensional high‐entropy alloy nanoarchitectures: Unconventional strategies and prospects. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chokkakula L. P. Pavithra
- Combinatorial Materials Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Suhash Ranjan Dey
- Combinatorial Materials Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
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Samardak AY, Jeon YS, Samardak VY, Kozlov AG, Rogachev KA, Ognev AV, Jeong E, Kim GW, Ko MJ, Samardak AS, Kim YK. Interwire and Intrawire Magnetostatic Interactions in Fe-Au Barcode Nanowires with Alternating Ferromagnetically Strong and Weak Segments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203555. [PMID: 36192153 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallic barcode nanowires (BNWs) composed of repeating heterogeneous segments fabricated by template-assisted electrodeposition can offer extended functionality in magnetic, electrical, mechanical, and biomedical applications. The authors consider such nanostructures as a 3D system of magnetically interacting elements with magnetic behavior strongly affected by complex magnetostatic interactions. This study discusses the influence of geometrical parameters of segments on the character of their interactions and the overall magnetic behavior of the array of BNWs having alternating magnetization, because the Fe and Au segments are made of Fe-Au alloys with high and low magnetizations. By controlling the applied current densities and the elapsed time in the electrodeposition, the dimension of the Fe-Au BNWs can be regulated. This study reveals that the influence of the length of magnetically weak Au segments on the interaction field between nanowires is different for samples with magnetically strong 100 and 200 nm long Fe segments using the first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagram method. With the help of micromagnetic simulations, three types of magnetostatic interactions in the BNW arrays are discovered and analy. This study demonstrates that the dominating type of interaction depends on the geometric parameters of the Fe and Au segments and the interwire and intrawire distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Yu Samardak
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Yoo Sang Jeon
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Vadim Yu Samardak
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Alexey G Kozlov
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Kirill A Rogachev
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Alexey V Ognev
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Eunjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander S Samardak
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Abbondanza G, Larsson A, Linpé W, Hetherington C, Carlá F, Lundgren E, Harlow GS. Templated electrodeposition as a scalable and surfactant-free approach to the synthesis of Au nanoparticles with tunable aspect ratios. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2452-2467. [PMID: 36134135 PMCID: PMC9417724 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput method for the fabrication of ordered arrays of Au nanoparticles is presented. It is based on pulsed electrodeposition into porous anodic alumina templates. In contrast to many synthesis routes, it is cyanide-free, prior separation of the alumina template from the aluminium substrate is not required, and the use of contaminating surfactants/capping agents often found in colloidal synthesis is avoided. The aspect ratio of the nanoparticles can also be tuned by selecting an appropriate electrodeposition time. We show how to fabricate arrays of nanoparticles, both with branched bases and with hemispherical bases. Furthermore, we compare the different morphologies produced with electron microscopies and grazing-incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We find the nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature and are compressively strained perpendicular to the direction of growth, and expansively strained along the direction of growth. We discuss how this can produce dislocations and twinning defects that could be beneficial for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Abbondanza
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Alfred Larsson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Weronica Linpé
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Gary S Harlow
- Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University 20506 Malmö Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University Fotongatan 2 224 84 Lund Sweden
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Formation of Nanowires of Various Types in the Process of Galvanic Deposition of Iron Group Metals into the Pores of a Track Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020195. [PMID: 35207116 PMCID: PMC8879199 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The processes of formation of one-dimensional nanostructures by the method of matrix synthesis was studied in this work. Nanowires (NWs) from magnetic metals of iron-group and copper (3-d metals) were synthesized in the pores of matrix-track membranes by galvanic deposition. NWs with both homogeneous elemental distribution (alloys) and with periodically alternating parts with different composition (layers) were obtained in matrices with different pore diameters and under different parameters of the galvanic process. The transport of ions, which determined the growth of wires, in pores of different sizes was analyzed. The influence of the size of pore channels on the features of NWs growth, the correlation between the elemental composition of the NWs and the growth electrolyte, as well as the influence of the growth conditions (voltage and pore diameter) were investigated. Approaches to formation of thin layers in layered NWs were studied. This included the choice of methods for controlling the pulse duration, slowing down the growth rate by the dilution of the solution, the use of additives and the work with reference electrode. The study of NWs was carried out using visualization and analysis of their structure using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction, energy dispersive analysis, and elemental mapping. For the studied types of samples, a relationship was established between the growth conditions and the structure. This data raises the possibility of varying the magnetic properties of NWs.
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Narrow Segment Driven Multistep Magnetization Reversal Process in Sharp Diameter Modulated Fe 67Co 33 Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113077. [PMID: 34835841 PMCID: PMC8619352 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials are of great interest due to their potential use in data storage, biotechnology, or spintronic based devices, among others. The control of magnetism at such scale entails complexing the nanostructures by tuning their composition, shape, sizes, or even several of these properties at the same time, in order to search for new phenomena or optimize their performance. An interesting pathway to affect the dynamics of the magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic nanostructures is to introduce geometrical modulations to act as nucleation or pinning centers for the magnetic domain walls. Considering the case of 3D magnetic nanowires, the modulation of the diameter across their length can produce such effect as long as the segment diameter transition is sharp enough. In this work, diameter modulated Fe67Co33 ferromagnetic nanowires have been grown into the prepatterned diameter modulated nanopores of anodized Al2O3 membranes. Their morphological and compositional characterization was carried out by electron-based microscopy, while their magnetic behavior has been measured on both the nanowire array as well as for individual bisegmented nanowires after being released from the alumina template. The magnetic hysteresis loops, together with the evaluation of First Order Reversal Curve diagrams, point out that the magnetization reversal of the bisegmented FeCo nanowires is carried out in two steps. These two stages are interpreted by micromagnetic modeling, where a shell of the wide segment reverses its magnetization first, followed by the reversal of its core together with the narrow segment of the nanowire at once.
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Caspani S, Moraes S, Navas D, Proenca MP, Magalhães R, Nunes C, Araújo JP, Sousa CT. The Magnetic Properties of Fe/Cu Multilayered Nanowires: The Role of the Number of Fe Layers and Their Thickness. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2729. [PMID: 34685176 PMCID: PMC8538472 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multi-segmented bilayered Fe/Cu nanowires have been fabricated through the electrodeposition in porous anodic alumina membranes. We have assessed, with the support of micromagnetic simulations, the dependence of fabricated nanostructures' magnetic properties either on the number of Fe/Cu bilayers or on the length of the magnetic layers, by fixing both the nonmagnetic segment length and the wire diameter. The magnetic reversal, in the segmented Fe nanowires (NWs) with a 300 nm length, occurs through the nucleation and propagation of a vortex domain wall (V-DW) from the extremities of each segment. By increasing the number of bilayers, the coercive field progressively increases due to the small magnetostatic coupling between Fe segments, but the coercivity found in an Fe continuous nanowire is not reached, since the interactions between layers is limited by the Cu separation. On the other hand, Fe segments 30 nm in length have exhibited a vortex configuration, with around 60% of the magnetization pointing parallel to the wires' long axis, which is equivalent to an isolated Fe nanodisc. By increasing the Fe segment length, a magnetic reversal occurred through the nucleation and propagation of a V-DW from the extremities of each segment, similar to what happens in a long cylindrical Fe nanowire. The particular case of the Fe/Cu bilayered nanowires with Fe segments 20 nm in length revealed a magnetization oriented in opposite directions, forming a synthetic antiferromagnetic system with coercivity and remanence values close to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caspani
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Suellen Moraes
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
| | - David Navas
- ICMM-CSIC-Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana P. Proenca
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
- ISOM and Dpto. Electrónica Física, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy of Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Pedro Araújo
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Célia T. Sousa
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.M.); (M.P.P.); (R.M.); (J.P.A.)
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Bran C, Fernandez-Roldan JA, del Real RP, Asenjo A, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Vazquez M. Magnetic Configurations in Modulated Cylindrical Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:600. [PMID: 33670880 PMCID: PMC7997473 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires show great potential for 3D applications such as magnetic recording, shift registers, and logic gates, as well as in sensing architectures or biomedicine. Their cylindrical geometry leads to interesting properties of the local domain structure, leading to multifunctional responses to magnetic fields and electric currents, mechanical stresses, or thermal gradients. This review article is summarizing the work carried out in our group on the fabrication and magnetic characterization of cylindrical magnetic nanowires with modulated geometry and anisotropy. The nanowires are prepared by electrochemical methods allowing the fabrication of magnetic nanowires with precise control over geometry, morphology, and composition. Different routes to control the magnetization configuration and its dynamics through the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are presented. The diameter modulations change the typical single domain state present in cubic nanowires, providing the possibility to confine or pin circular domains or domain walls in each segment. The control and stabilization of domains and domain walls in cylindrical wires have been achieved in multisegmented structures by alternating magnetic segments of different magnetic properties (producing alternative anisotropy) or with non-magnetic layers. The results point out the relevance of the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy to promote the occurrence of stable magnetochiral structures and provide further information for the design of cylindrical nanowires for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernandez-Roldan
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael P. del Real
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
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Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Stadler BJH. Unlocking the decoding of unknown magnetic nanobarcode signatures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:584-592. [PMID: 36131738 PMCID: PMC9417604 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00924e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanowires (MNWs) rank among the most promising multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials for nanobarcoding applications owing to their safety, nontoxicity, and remote decoding using a single magnetic excitation source. Until recently, coercivity and saturation magnetization have been proposed as encoding parameters. Herein, backward remanence magnetization (BRM) is used to decode unknown remanence spectra of MNWs-based nanobarcodes. A simple and fast expectation algorithm is proposed to decode the unknown remanence spectra with a success rate of 86% even though the MNWs have similar coercivities, which cannot be accomplished by other decoding schemes. Our experimental approach and analytical analysis open a promising direction towards reliably decoding magnetic nanobarcodes to expand their capabilities for security and labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani Kouhpanji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Bethanie J H Stadler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN 55455 USA +1 612 626 1628
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Rial J, Proenca MP. A Novel Design of a 3D Racetrack Memory Based on Functional Segments in Cylindrical Nanowire Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2403. [PMID: 33271869 PMCID: PMC7761019 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A racetrack memory is a device where the information is stored as magnetic domains (bits) along a nanowire (track). To read and record the information, the bits are moved along the track by current pulses until they reach the reading/writing heads. In particular, 3D racetrack memory devices use arrays of vertically aligned wires (tracks), thus enhancing storage density. In this work, we propose a novel 3D racetrack memory configuration based on functional segments inside cylindrical nanowire arrays. The innovative idea is the integration of the writing element inside the racetrack itself, avoiding the need to implement external writing heads next to the track. The use of selective magnetic segments inside one nanowire allows the creation of writing and storage sections inside the same track, separated by chemical constraints identical to those separating the bits. Using micromagnetic simulations, our study reveals that if the writing section is composed of two segments with different coercivities, one can reverse its magnetization independently from the rest of the memory device by applying an external magnetic field. Spin-polarized current pulses then move the information bits along selected tracks, completing the writing process by pushing the new bit into the storage section of the wire. Finally, we have proven the efficacy of this system inside an array of 7 nanowires, opening the possibility to use this configuration in a 3D racetrack memory device composed of an array of thousands of nanowires produced by low-cost and high-yield template-electrodeposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rial
- IFIMUP—Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 678, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P. Proenca
- IFIMUP—Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 678, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- ISOM—Institute of Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology, Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense 30, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Ghafouri A, Ramazani A, Montazer AH. 3D interacting magnetic multilayered nanowire arrays: the emergence and evolution of new first-order reversal curve features. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:155801. [PMID: 31846942 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab62ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of magnetostatic interactions in tuning properties of storage devices based on magnetic nanowires (NWs) has recently been highlighted by advanced characterization techniques including the first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis, evaluating physical entities constituting conventional 2D NW systems. Herein, FORC diagrams of ferromagnetic (FM)/non-magnetic (NM) multilayered NW arrays are simulated using Monte Carlo calculations, involving magnetostatic interactions between segments in 3D space. The FM length is constant to 6 µm whereas the NM length (L NM) varies from 10 to 300 nm, significantly influencing interwire and intrasegment interactions of neighboring NWs and coupled segments along the NW length. Intriguingly, this is accompanied with the emergence of two new FORC diagram features in addition to the typical demagnetizing-type feature, indicating complex behavior of the 3D interacting NWs with the same anisotropy field for each FM segment. The FORC coercivity of the emerging features is tracked individually, presenting evolution as a function of L NM. Our results also evidence an increase in interwire and intrasegment interactions when increasing NW diameter, being in accordance with total magnetostatic energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghafouri
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran
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