1
|
Demirbüken SE, Öztürk E, Güngör MA, Garipcan B, Kuralay F. Modified Au:Fe-Ni magnetic micromotors improve drug delivery and diagnosis in MCF-7 cells and spheroids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114019. [PMID: 38897023 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nano/micromotors hold immense potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and detection systems, especially in the realm of cancer diagnosis and treatment, owing to their distinctive features, including precise propulsion, maneuverability, and meticulously designed surface modifications. In this study, we explore the capabilities of modified and magnetically driven micromotors as active drug delivery systems within 2D and 3D cell culture environments and cancer diagnosis. We synthesized gold (Au) and iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) metallic-based magnetic micromotors (Au:Fe-Ni MMs) through electrochemical methods, equipping them with functionalities for controlled doxorubicin (DOX) release and cancer cell recognition. In 2D and spheroids of MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells, the Au segment of these micromotors was utilized to help DOX loading through poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) functionalization, and the attachment of antiHER2 antibodies for specific recognition. This innovative approach enabled controlled drug release within the cancerous microenvironment, coupled with magnetic (Fe-Ni) propulsion for biocompatible drug delivery to MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, antiHER2 immobilized Au:Fe-Ni MMs effectively interacted with receptors, capitalizing on the overexpression of HER2 antigens on MCF-7 cells. Encouraging outcomes were observed, particularly in spheroid models, underscoring the remarkable potential of these multifunctional micromotors for advancing intelligent drug delivery methodologies and diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ali Güngör
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Polatlı, Ankara 06900, Turkey
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arzuza LCC, Vega V, Prida VM, Moura KO, Pirota KR, Béron F. Single Diameter Modulation Effects on Ni Nanowire Array Magnetization Reversal. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123403. [PMID: 34947752 PMCID: PMC8706999 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Geometrically modulated magnetic nanowires are a simple yet efficient strategy to modify the magnetic domain wall propagation since a simple diameter modulation can achieve its pinning during the nanowire magnetization reversal. However, in dense systems of parallel nanowires, the stray fields arising at the diameter interface can interfere with the domain wall propagation in the neighboring nanowires. Therefore, the magnetic behavior of diameter-modulated nanowire arrays can be quite complex and depending on both short and long-range interaction fields, as well as the nanowire geometric dimensions. We applied the first-order reversal curve (FORC) method to bi-segmented Ni nanowire arrays varying the wide segment (45–65 nm diameter, 2.5–10.0 μm length). The FORC results indicate a magnetic behavior modification depending on its length/diameter aspect ratio. The distributions either exhibit a strong extension along the coercivity axis or a main distribution finishing by a fork feature, whereas the extension greatly reduces in amplitude. With the help of micromagnetic simulations, we propose that a low aspect ratio stabilizes pinned domain walls at the diameter modulation during the magnetization reversal. In this case, long-range axial interaction fields nucleate a domain wall at the nanowire extremities, while short-range ones could induce a nucleation at the diameter interface. However, regardless of the wide segment aspect ratio, the magnetization reversal is governed by the local radial stray fields of the modulation near null magnetization. Our findings demonstrate the capacity of distinguishing between complex magnetic behaviors involving convoluted interaction fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. C. Arzuza
- Physics Institute “Gleb Wataghin”, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, Brazil; (L.C.C.A.); (K.R.P.)
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Victor Vega
- Physics Department, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Victor M. Prida
- Physics Department, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Karoline O. Moura
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Kleber R. Pirota
- Physics Institute “Gleb Wataghin”, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, Brazil; (L.C.C.A.); (K.R.P.)
| | - Fanny Béron
- Physics Institute “Gleb Wataghin”, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-859, Brazil; (L.C.C.A.); (K.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-5474
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Narrow Segment Driven Multistep Magnetization Reversal Process in Sharp Diameter Modulated Fe 67Co 33 Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113077. [PMID: 34835841 PMCID: PMC8619352 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials are of great interest due to their potential use in data storage, biotechnology, or spintronic based devices, among others. The control of magnetism at such scale entails complexing the nanostructures by tuning their composition, shape, sizes, or even several of these properties at the same time, in order to search for new phenomena or optimize their performance. An interesting pathway to affect the dynamics of the magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic nanostructures is to introduce geometrical modulations to act as nucleation or pinning centers for the magnetic domain walls. Considering the case of 3D magnetic nanowires, the modulation of the diameter across their length can produce such effect as long as the segment diameter transition is sharp enough. In this work, diameter modulated Fe67Co33 ferromagnetic nanowires have been grown into the prepatterned diameter modulated nanopores of anodized Al2O3 membranes. Their morphological and compositional characterization was carried out by electron-based microscopy, while their magnetic behavior has been measured on both the nanowire array as well as for individual bisegmented nanowires after being released from the alumina template. The magnetic hysteresis loops, together with the evaluation of First Order Reversal Curve diagrams, point out that the magnetization reversal of the bisegmented FeCo nanowires is carried out in two steps. These two stages are interpreted by micromagnetic modeling, where a shell of the wide segment reverses its magnetization first, followed by the reversal of its core together with the narrow segment of the nanowire at once.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sáez G, Díaz P, Cisternas E, Vogel EE, Escrig J. Information storage in permalloy modulated magnetic nanowires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20811. [PMID: 34675243 PMCID: PMC8531287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A long piece of magnetic material shaped as a central cylindrical wire (diameter [Formula: see text] nm) with two wider coaxial cylindrical portions (diameter [Formula: see text] nm and thickness [Formula: see text] nm) defines a bimodulated nanowire. Micromagnetism is invoked to study the equilibrium energy of the system under the variations of the positions of the modulations along the wire. The system can be thought of as composed of five independent elements (3 segments and 2 modulations) leading to [Formula: see text] possible different magnetic configurations, which will be later simplified to 4. We investigate the stability of the configurations depending on the positions of the modulations. The relative chirality of the modulations has negligible contributions to the energy and they have no effect on the stability of the stored configuration. However, the modulations are extremely important in pinning the domain walls that lead to consider each segment as independent from the rest. A phase diagram reporting the stability of the inscribed magnetic configurations is produced. The stability of the system was then tested under the action of external magnetic fields and it was found that more than 50 mT are necessary to alter the inscribed information. The main purpose of this paper is to find whether a prototype like this can be complemented to be used as a magnetic key or to store information in the form of firmware. Present results indicate that both possibilities are feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guidobeth Sáez
- Department of Physics, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Physics, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eduardo Cisternas
- Department of Physics, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eugenio E Vogel
- Department of Physics, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Escrig
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Avda. Ecuador 3493, 9170124, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García J, Manterola AM, Méndez M, Fernández-Roldán JA, Vega V, González S, Prida VM. Magnetization Reversal Process and Magnetostatic Interactions in Fe 56Co 44/SiO 2/Fe 3O 4 Core/Shell Ferromagnetic Nanowires with Non-Magnetic Interlayer. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092282. [PMID: 34578598 PMCID: PMC8466189 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous works regarding nanowires or nanotubes are being published, studying different combinations of materials or geometries with single or multiple layers. However, works, where both nanotube and nanowires are forming complex structures, are scarcer due to the underlying difficulties that their fabrication and characterization entail. Among the specific applications for these nanostructures that can be used in sensing or high-density magnetic data storage devices, there are the fields of photonics or spintronics. To achieve further improvements in these research fields, a complete understanding of the magnetic properties exhibited by these nanostructures is needed, including their magnetization reversal processes and control of the magnetic domain walls. In order to gain a deeper insight into this topic, complex systems are being fabricated by altering their dimensions or composition. In this work, a successful process flow for the additive fabrication of core/shell nanowires arrays is developed. The core/shell nanostructures fabricated here consist of a magnetic nanowire nucleus (Fe56Co44), grown by electrodeposition and coated by a non-magnetic SiO2 layer coaxially surrounded by a magnetic Fe3O4 nanotubular coating both fabricated by means of the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique. Moreover, the magnetization reversal processes of these coaxial nanostructures and the magnetostatic interactions between the two magnetic components are investigated by means of standard magnetometry and First Order Reversal Curve methodology. From this study, a two-step magnetization reversal of the core/shell bimagnetic nanostructure is inferred, which is also corroborated by the hysteresis loops of individual core/shell nanostructures measured by Kerr effect-based magnetometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier García
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Alejandro M. Manterola
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Miguel Méndez
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernández-Roldán
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Víctor Vega
- Laboratorio de Membranas Nanoporosas, Edificio de Servicios Científico Técnicos “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Fernando Bonguera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Silvia González
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Víctor M. Prida
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (V.M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bran C, Fernandez-Roldan JA, del Real RP, Asenjo A, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Vazquez M. Magnetic Configurations in Modulated Cylindrical Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:600. [PMID: 33670880 PMCID: PMC7997473 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires show great potential for 3D applications such as magnetic recording, shift registers, and logic gates, as well as in sensing architectures or biomedicine. Their cylindrical geometry leads to interesting properties of the local domain structure, leading to multifunctional responses to magnetic fields and electric currents, mechanical stresses, or thermal gradients. This review article is summarizing the work carried out in our group on the fabrication and magnetic characterization of cylindrical magnetic nanowires with modulated geometry and anisotropy. The nanowires are prepared by electrochemical methods allowing the fabrication of magnetic nanowires with precise control over geometry, morphology, and composition. Different routes to control the magnetization configuration and its dynamics through the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are presented. The diameter modulations change the typical single domain state present in cubic nanowires, providing the possibility to confine or pin circular domains or domain walls in each segment. The control and stabilization of domains and domain walls in cylindrical wires have been achieved in multisegmented structures by alternating magnetic segments of different magnetic properties (producing alternative anisotropy) or with non-magnetic layers. The results point out the relevance of the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy to promote the occurrence of stable magnetochiral structures and provide further information for the design of cylindrical nanowires for multiple applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernandez-Roldan
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael P. del Real
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruiz-Clavijo A, Caballero-Calero O, Martín-González M. Revisiting anodic alumina templates: from fabrication to applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2227-2265. [PMID: 33480949 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anodic porous alumina, -AAO- (also known as nanoporous alumina, nanohole alumina arrays, -NAA- or nanoporous anodized alumina platforms, -NAAP-) has opened new opportunities in a wide range of fields, and is used as an advanced photonic structure for applications in structural coloration and advanced optical biosensing based on the ordered nanoporous structure obtained and as a template to grow nanowires or nanotubes of different materials giving rise to metamaterials with tailored properties. Therefore, understanding the structure of nanoporous anodic alumina templates and knowing how they are fabricated provide a tool for the further design of structures based on them, such as 3D nanoporous structures developed recently. In this work, we review the latest developments related to nanoporous alumina, which is currently a very active field, to provide a solid and thorough reference for all interested experts, both in academia and industry, on these nanostructured and highly useful structures. We present an overview of theories on the formation of pores and self-ordering in alumina, paying special attention to those presented in recent years, and different nanostructures that have been developed recently. Therefore, a wide variety of architectures, ranging from ordered nanoporous structures to diameter changing pores, branched pores, and 3D nanostructures will be discussed. Next, some of the most relevant results using different nanostructured morphologies as templates for the growth of different materials with novel properties and reduced dimensionality in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc. will be summarised, showing how these structures have influenced the state of the art in a wide variety of fields. Finally, a review on how these anodic aluminium membranes are used as platforms for different applications combined with optical techniques, together with principles behind these applications will be presented, in addition to a hint on the future applications of these versatile nanomaterials. In summary, this review is focused on the most recent developments, without neglecting the basis and older studies that have led the way to these findings. Thus, it gives an updated state-of-the-art review that should be useful not only for experts in the field, but also for non-specialists, helping them to gain a broad understanding of the importance of anodic porous alumina, and most probably, endow them with new ideas for its use in fields of interest or even developing the anodization technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rial J, Proenca MP. A Novel Design of a 3D Racetrack Memory Based on Functional Segments in Cylindrical Nanowire Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2403. [PMID: 33271869 PMCID: PMC7761019 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A racetrack memory is a device where the information is stored as magnetic domains (bits) along a nanowire (track). To read and record the information, the bits are moved along the track by current pulses until they reach the reading/writing heads. In particular, 3D racetrack memory devices use arrays of vertically aligned wires (tracks), thus enhancing storage density. In this work, we propose a novel 3D racetrack memory configuration based on functional segments inside cylindrical nanowire arrays. The innovative idea is the integration of the writing element inside the racetrack itself, avoiding the need to implement external writing heads next to the track. The use of selective magnetic segments inside one nanowire allows the creation of writing and storage sections inside the same track, separated by chemical constraints identical to those separating the bits. Using micromagnetic simulations, our study reveals that if the writing section is composed of two segments with different coercivities, one can reverse its magnetization independently from the rest of the memory device by applying an external magnetic field. Spin-polarized current pulses then move the information bits along selected tracks, completing the writing process by pushing the new bit into the storage section of the wire. Finally, we have proven the efficacy of this system inside an array of 7 nanowires, opening the possibility to use this configuration in a 3D racetrack memory device composed of an array of thousands of nanowires produced by low-cost and high-yield template-electrodeposition methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rial
- IFIMUP—Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 678, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P. Proenca
- IFIMUP—Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 678, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- ISOM—Institute of Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology, Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense 30, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|