1
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Sharma A, Ramanaiah Dantham V. Observation of reversible and irreversible charge transfer processes in dye-monolayer graphene systems using Raman spectroscopy as a tool. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124431. [PMID: 38739985 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Raman spectroscopy of crystal violet (CV) and IR-780 Iodide molecules dispersed on the monolayer graphene film (MGF). In the CV-MGF system, the enhancement in the Raman scattering of CV molecules is observed irrespective of the location probed during the spectral measurements. This enhancement is due to the charge transfer from the MGF to CV molecules. However, in the case of the IR-780 Iodide - MGF system, the enhancement of Raman scattering of dye molecules or MGF is observed strongly depending upon the probed location. These observations indicate that the charge transfer is irreversible and reversible in the CV-MGF and IR-780 Iodide-MGF systems, respectively. Importantly, for the first time, this experimental study revealed that enhancing the Raman scattering of MGF is possible through the "chemical mechanism" with suitable dye molecules apart from the "electromagnetic mechanism" with plasmonic hot spots of the metal nanoparticles and photonic nanojets of single dielectric microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801103, India
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2
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Ono T, Okuda S, Ushiba S, Kanai Y, Matsumoto K. Challenges for Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Graphene Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:333. [PMID: 38255502 PMCID: PMC10817696 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its outstanding physical properties, graphene has attracted attention as a promising biosensor material. Field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors are particularly promising because of their high sensitivity that is achieved through the high carrier mobility of graphene. However, graphene-FET biosensors have not yet reached widespread practical applications owing to several problems. In this review, the authors focus on graphene-FET biosensors and discuss their advantages, the challenges to their development, and the solutions to the challenges. The problem of Debye screening, in which the surface charges of the detection target are shielded and undetectable, can be solved by using small-molecule receptors and their deformations and by using enzyme reaction products. To address the complexity of sample components and the detection mechanisms of graphene-FET biosensors, the authors outline measures against nonspecific adsorption and the remaining problems related to the detection mechanism itself. The authors also introduce a solution with which the molecular species that can reach the sensor surfaces are limited. Finally, the authors present multifaceted approaches to the sensor surfaces that provide much information to corroborate the results of electrical measurements. The measures and solutions introduced bring us closer to the practical realization of stable biosensors utilizing the superior characteristics of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- High Frequency & Optical Device Works, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 4-1 Mizuhara, Itami, Sendai 664-8641, Japan
| | - Shota Ushiba
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kanai
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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3
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Jebakumari KAE, Murugasenapathi NK, Palanisamy T. Engineered Two-Dimensional Nanostructures as SERS Substrates for Biomolecule Sensing: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:102. [PMID: 36671937 PMCID: PMC9855472 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanostructures (2DNS) attract tremendous interest and have emerged as potential materials for a variety of applications, including biomolecule sensing, due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, tuneable optical and electronic properties. Advancements in the engineering of 2DNS and associated technologies have opened up new opportunities. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a rapid, highly sensitive, non-destructive analytical technique with exceptional signal amplification potential. Several structurally and chemically engineered 2DNS with added advantages (e.g., π-π* interaction), over plasmonic SERS substrates, have been developed specifically towards biomolecule sensing in a complex matrix, such as biological fluids. This review focuses on the recent developments of 2DNS-SERS substrates for biomolecule sensor applications. The recent advancements in engineered 2DNS, particularly for SERS substrates, have been systematically surveyed. In SERS substrates, 2DNS are used as either a standalone signal enhancer or as support for the dispersion of plasmonic nanostructures. The current challenges and future opportunities in this synergetic combination have also been discussed. Given the prospects in the design and preparation of newer 2DNS, this review can give a critical view on the current status, challenges and opportunities to extrapolate their applications in biomolecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Esther Jebakumari
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N. K. Murugasenapathi
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR—Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Ranasinghe JC, Wang Z, Huang S. Raman Spectroscopy on Brain Disorders: Transition from Fundamental Research to Clinical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:27. [PMID: 36671862 PMCID: PMC9855372 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain disorders such as brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are accompanied by chemical alterations in the tissues. Early diagnosis of these diseases will provide key benefits for patients and opportunities for preventive treatments. To detect these sophisticated diseases, various imaging modalities have been developed such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). However, they provide inadequate molecule-specific information. In comparison, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an analytical tool that provides rich information about molecular fingerprints. It is also inexpensive and rapid compared to CT, MRI, and PET. While intrinsic RS suffers from low yield, in recent years, through the adoption of Raman enhancement technologies and advanced data analysis approaches, RS has undergone significant advancements in its ability to probe biological tissues, including the brain. This review discusses recent clinical and biomedical applications of RS and related techniques applicable to brain tumors and NDs.
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5
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Zhang K, Wang Z, Liu H, Perea-López N, Ranasinghe JC, Bepete G, Minns AM, Rossi RM, Lindner SE, Huang SX, Terrones M, Huang S. Understanding the Excitation Wavelength Dependence and Thermal Stability of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Machine Learning. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:2963-2972. [PMID: 37552735 PMCID: PMC9438456 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has cost millions of lives worldwide. The constant mutation of SARS-CoV-2 calls for thorough research to facilitate the development of variant surveillance. In this work, we studied the fundamental properties related to the optical identification of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a key component of viral infection. The Raman modes of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD were captured by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The observed Raman enhancement strongly depends on the excitation wavelength as a result of the aggregation of AuNPs. The characteristic Raman spectra of RBDs from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV were analyzed by principal component analysis that reveals the role of secondary structures in the SERS process, which is corroborated with the thermal stability under laser heating. We can easily distinguish the Raman spectra of two RBDs using machine learning algorithms with accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores all over 95%. Our work provides an in-depth understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and paves the way toward rapid analysis and discrimination of complex proteins of infectious viruses and other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Rice University, Houston, Texas77005, United
States
| | - He Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
| | - Néstor Perea-López
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Jeewan C. Ranasinghe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Rice University, Houston, Texas77005, United
States
| | - George Bepete
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Allen M. Minns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for
Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
| | - Randall M. Rossi
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for
Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
| | - Sharon X. Huang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United
States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Research Initiative for Supra Materials,
Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano380-8553,
Japan
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802,
United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Rice University, Houston, Texas77005, United
States
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6
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Ranasinghe JC, Jain A, Wu W, Zhang K, Wang Z, Huang S. Engineered 2D materials for optical bioimaging and path toward therapy and tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2022; 37:1689-1713. [PMID: 35615304 PMCID: PMC9122553 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-022-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials as a new class of nanomaterial are characterized by a list of exotic properties. These layered materials are investigated widely in several biomedical applications. A comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art developments of 2D materials designed for multiple nanoplatforms will aid researchers in various fields to broaden the scope of biomedical applications. Here, we review the advances in 2D material-based biomedical applications. First, we introduce the classification and properties of 2D materials. Next, we summarize surface and structural engineering methods of 2D materials where we discuss surface functionalization, defect, and strain engineering, and creating heterostructures based on layered materials for biomedical applications. After that, we discuss different biomedical applications. Then, we briefly introduced the emerging role of machine learning (ML) as a technological advancement to boost biomedical platforms. Finally, the current challenges, opportunities, and prospects on 2D materials in biomedical applications are discussed. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewan C. Ranasinghe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Arpit Jain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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7
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Wang Z, Ye J, Zhang K, Ding L, Granzier-Nakajima T, Ranasinghe JC, Xue Y, Sharma S, Biase I, Terrones M, Choi SH, Ran C, Tanzi RE, Huang SX, Zhang C, Huang S. Rapid Biomarker Screening of Alzheimer's Disease by Interpretable Machine Learning and Graphene-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6426-6436. [PMID: 35333038 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, faces challenges in terms of understanding the cause, monitoring the pathogenesis, and developing early diagnoses and effective treatments. Rapid and accurate identification of AD biomarkers in the brain is critical to providing key insights into AD and facilitating the development of early diagnosis methods. In this work, we developed a platform that enables a rapid screening of AD biomarkers by employing graphene-assisted Raman spectroscopy and machine learning interpretation in AD transgenic animal brains. Specifically, we collected Raman spectra on slices of mouse brains with and without AD and used machine learning to classify AD and non-AD spectra. By contacting monolayer graphene with the brain slices, the accuracy was increased from 77% to 98% in machine learning classification. Further, using a linear support vector machine (SVM), we identified a spectral feature importance map that reveals the importance of each Raman wavenumber in classifying AD and non-AD spectra. Based on this spectral feature importance map, we identified AD biomarkers including Aβ and tau proteins and other potential biomarkers, such as triolein, phosphatidylcholine, and actin, which have been confirmed by other biochemical studies. Our Raman-machine learning integrated method with interpretability will facilitate the study of AD and can be extended to other tissues and biofluids and for various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jiarong Ye
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tomotaroh Granzier-Nakajima
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jeewan C Ranasinghe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shubhang Sharma
- Department of Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Isabelle Biase
- Department of Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Building149, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sharon X Huang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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8
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Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Probing Riboflavin on Graphene. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051636. [PMID: 35268866 PMCID: PMC8911488 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene research and technology development requires to reveal adsorption processes and understand how the defects change the physicochemical properties of the graphene-based systems. In this study, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) coupled with density functional theory (DFT) modeling were applied for probing the structure of riboflavin adsorbed on single-layer graphene substrate grown on copper. Intense and detailed vibrational signatures of the adsorbed riboflavin were revealed by SHINERS method. Based on DFT modeling and detected downshift of prominent riboflavin band at 1349 cm−1 comparing with the solution Raman spectrum, π-stacking interaction between the adsorbate and graphene was confirmed. Different spectral patterns from graphene-riboflavin surface were revealed by SHINERS and GERS techniques. Contrary to GERS method, SHINERS spectra revealed not only ring stretching bands but also vibrational features associated with ribityl group of riboflavin and D-band of graphene. Based on DFT modeling it was suggested that activation of D-band took place due to riboflavin induced tilt and distortion of graphene plane. The ability to explore local perturbations by the SHINERS method was highlighted. We demonstrated that SHINERS spectroscopy has a great potential to probe adsorbed molecules at graphene.
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9
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Yang X, Zhang Z, Su M, Song Y. Research Progress on Nano Photonics Technology-based SARS-CoV-2 Detection※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Sun CL, Lin CH, Kuo CH, Huang CW, Nguyen DD, Chou TC, Chen CY, Lu YJ. Visible-Light-Assisted Photoelectrochemical Biosensing of Uric Acid Using Metal-Free Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102693. [PMID: 34685134 PMCID: PMC8538689 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the visible-light-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing of uric acid (UA) by using graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) as PEC electrode materials. Specifically, GONRs with controlled properties were synthesized by the microwave-assisted exfoliation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. For the detection of UA, GONRs were adopted to modify either a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) or a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Cyclic voltammetry analyses indicated that all Faradaic currents of UA oxidation on GONRs with different unzipping/exfoliating levels on SPCE increased by more than 20.0% under AM 1.5 irradiation. Among these, the GONRs synthesized under a microwave power of 200 W, namely GONR(200 W), exhibited the highest increase in Faradaic current. Notably, the GONR(200 W)/GCE electrodes revealed a remarkable elevation (~40.0%) of the Faradaic current when irradiated by light-emitting diode (LED) light sources under an intensity of illumination of 80 mW/cm2. Therefore, it is believed that our GONRs hold great potential for developing a novel platform for PEC biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (C.-L.S.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chia-Heng Kuo
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Duc Dung Nguyen
- Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Tsu-Chin Chou
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ying Chen
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies (CPTFT), Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (C.-L.S.); (Y.-J.L.)
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11
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Nair S, Gao J, Otto C, Duits MH, Mugele F. Ultrasensitive Detection and In Situ Imaging of Analytes on Graphene Oxide Analogues Using Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12966-12972. [PMID: 34517698 PMCID: PMC8482369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate how algorithm-improved confocal Raman microscopy (ai-CRM), in combination with chemical enhancement by two-dimensional substrates, can be used as an ultrasensitive detection method for rhodamine (R6G) molecules adsorbed from aqueous solutions. After developing a protocol for laser-induced reduction of graphene oxide, followed by noninvasive Raman imaging, a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 × 10-10 M R6G was achieved using ai-CRM. An equivalent subnanomolar LOD was also achieved on another graphene oxide analogue -UV/ozone-oxidized graphene. These record-breaking detection capabilities also enabled us to study the adsorption kinetics and image the spatial distribution of the adsorbed R6G. These findings indicate a strong potential for algorithm-improved graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a facile method for detecting, imaging, and quantifying trace amounts of adsorbing molecules on a variety of 2D substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Nair
- Physics
of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Gao
- Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Laoshan
District, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical
Cell Bio Physics Group and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H.G. Duits
- Physics
of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics
of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Cheng NLQ, Xuan F, Spataru CD, Quek SY. Charge Transfer Screening and Energy Level Alignment at Complex Organic-Inorganic Interfaces: A Tractable Ab Initio GW Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8841-8846. [PMID: 34492190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Complex organic-inorganic interfaces are important for device and sensing applications. Charge transfer doping is prevalent in such applications and can affect the interfacial energy level alignments (ELA), which are determined by many-body interactions. We develop an approximate ab initio many-body GW approach that can capture many-body interactions due to interfacial charge transfer. The approach uses significantly less resources than a regular GW calculation but gives excellent agreement with benchmark GW calculations on an F4TCNQ/graphene interface. We find that many-body interactions due to charge transfer screening result in gate-tunable F4TCNQ HOMO-LUMO gaps. We further predict the ELA of a large system of experimental interest-4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)bipyridine (DMAP-OED) on monolayer MoS2, where charge transfer screening results in an ∼1 eV reduction of the molecular HOMO-LUMO gap. Comparison with a two-dimensional electron gas model reveals the importance of explicitly considering the intraband transitions in determining the charge transfer screening in organic-inorganic interface systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lin Quan Cheng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
| | - Fengyuan Xuan
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
| | - Catalin D Spataru
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Su Ying Quek
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575 Singapore
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13
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Sleziona S, Rauls S, Heckhoff T, Christen L, Pollmann E, Madauß L, Franzka S, Lorke A, Wende H, Schleberger M. Towards field-effect controlled graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of cobalt octaethylporphyrin molecules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205702. [PMID: 33477119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abde60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool to detect and analyze minute amounts of molecules adsorbed on graphene. By using a graphene-based field-effect device the unique opportunity arises to gain a deeper insight into the coupling of molecules and graphene as graphene's Fermi level can be controlled by the transistor`s gate voltage. However, the fabrication of such a device comes with great challenges because of contaminations stemming from processing the device inevitably prevent direct adsorption of the molecules onto graphene rendering it unsuitable for field-effect controlled graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements/experiments. In this work, we solve this problem by establishing two different fabrication procedures for such devices, both of which are in addition compatible with large area and scalable production requirements. As a first solution, selective argon cluster irradiation is shown to be an efficient way to remove resist residues after processing. We provide evidence that after the irradiation the enhancement of the molecular Raman signal can indeed be measured, demonstrating that this procedure cleans graphene's surface sufficiently enough for direct molecular adsorption. As a second solution, we have developed a novel stacking method to encapsulate the molecules in between two graphene layers to protect the underlying graphene and molecular layer from the harsh conditions during the photolithography process. This method combines the advantages of dry stacking, which leads to a perfectly clean interface, and wet stacking processes, which can easily be scaled up for large area processing. Both approaches yield working graphene transistors with strong molecular Raman signals stemming from cobalt octaehtylporphyrin, a promising and prototypical candidate for spintronic applications, and are therefore suitable for graphene based molecular sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Sleziona
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Simon Rauls
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Tobias Heckhoff
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Leonard Christen
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Erik Pollmann
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Lukas Madauß
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Steffen Franzka
- ICAN, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Marika Schleberger
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
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Raman and Fluorescence Enhancement Approaches in Graphene-Based Platforms for Optical Sensing and Imaging. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030644. [PMID: 33808013 PMCID: PMC7999291 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel platforms and metamaterials for the enhancement of optical and particularly Raman signals is still an objective since optical techniques offer affordable, noninvasive methods with high spatial resolution and penetration depth adequate to detect and image a large variety of systems, from 2D materials to molecules in complex media and tissues. Definitely, plasmonic materials produce the most efficient enhancement through the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) process, allowing single-molecule detection, and are the most studied ones. Here we focus on less explored aspects of SERS such as the role of the inter-nanoparticle (NP) distance and the ultra-small NP size limit (down to a few nm) and on novel approaches involving graphene and graphene-related materials. The issues on reproducibility and homogeneity for the quantification of the probe molecules will also be discussed. Other light enhancement mechanisms, in particular resonant and interference Raman scatterings, as well as the platforms that allow combining several of them, are presented in this review with a special focus on the possibilities that graphene offers for the design and fabrication of novel architectures. Recent fluorescence enhancement platforms and strategies, so important for bio-detection and imaging, are reviewed as well as the relevance of graphene oxide and graphene/carbon nanodots in the field.
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15
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Menaa F, Fatemeh Y, Vashist SK, Iqbal H, Sharts ON, Menaa B. Graphene, an Interesting Nanocarbon Allotrope for Biosensing Applications: Advances, Insights, and Prospects. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2021; 12:1179597220983821. [PMID: 33716517 PMCID: PMC7917420 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220983821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, a relatively new two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, possesses unique structure (e.g. lighter, harder, and more flexible than steel) and tunable physicochemical (e.g. electronical, optical) properties with potentially wide eco-friendly and cost-effective usage in biosensing. Furthermore, graphene-related nanomaterials (e.g. graphene oxide, doped graphene, carbon nanotubes) have inculcated tremendous interest among scientists and industrials for the development of innovative biosensing platforms, such as arrays, sequencers and other nanooptical/biophotonic sensing systems (e.g. FET, FRET, CRET, GERS). Indeed, combinatorial functionalization approaches are constantly improving the overall properties of graphene, such as its sensitivity, stability, specificity, selectivity, and response for potential bioanalytical applications. These include real-time multiplex detection, tracking, qualitative, and quantitative characterization of molecules (i.e. analytes [H2O2, urea, nitrite, ATP or NADH]; ions [Hg2+, Pb2+, or Cu2+]; biomolecules (DNA, iRNA, peptides, proteins, vitamins or glucose; disease biomarkers such as genetic alterations in BRCA1, p53) and cells (cancer cells, stem cells, bacteria, or viruses). However, there is still a paucity of comparative reports that critically evaluate the relative toxicity of carbon nanoallotropes in humans. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the biosensing applications of graphene and its derivatives (i.e. GO and rGO). Prospects and challenges are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Menaa
- Department of Nanomedicine and Fluoro-Carbon Spectroscopy, Fluorotronics, Inc and California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yazdian Fatemeh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandeep K Vashist
- Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft für Angewandte Forschung e.V. (HSG-IMIT), Freiburg, Germany.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haroon Iqbal
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Olga N Sharts
- Department of Nanomedicine and Fluoro-Carbon Spectroscopy, Fluorotronics, Inc and California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bouzid Menaa
- Department of Nanomedicine and Fluoro-Carbon Spectroscopy, Fluorotronics, Inc and California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Kraka E, Zou W, Tao Y. Decoding chemical information from vibrational spectroscopy data: Local vibrational mode theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics Northwest University and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an Shaanxi PR China
| | - Yunwen Tao
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
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17
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Jadoon T, Mahmood T, Ayub K. Silver-graphene quantum dots based electrochemical sensor for trinitrotoluene and p-nitrophenol. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Zhang P, Liu G, Feng S, Zhou X, Xu W, Cai W. Engineering of flexible granular Au nanocap ordered array and its surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy effect. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:035303. [PMID: 31550688 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a new and developing analytical technology in chemical and biological detection. However, traditional hard SERS substrates are struggling to meet the growing demand for flexible devices. In this work, we introduce a simple, cost-effective and large scale preparation route to form a flexible Au nanocap (AuNC) ordered array as SERS substrates via reactive ion etching (RIE) method and then Au deposition. We find RIE is an excellent method for nanoroughening the surface of polystyrene (PS) spheres. Such flexible SERS substrates exhibit high sensitivity and uniformity for detecting organic molecules. The finite-difference time-domain simulation results revealed that a strong electric field coupling effect existed not only in the gap site between the Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), but also in the connection position between the AuNCs and the single AuNP. This study not only offers a novel way for nanoroughening of PS spheres, but also acquires flexible and cheap SERS substrates for quick and sensitive detection of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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Neri G, Fazio E, Mineo PG, Scala A, Piperno A. SERS Sensing Properties of New Graphene/Gold Nanocomposite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1236. [PMID: 31480339 PMCID: PMC6780540 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of graphene (G) substrates without damage on the sp2 network allows to tune the interactions with plasmonic noble metal surfaces to finally enhance surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect. Here, we describe a new graphene/gold nanocomposite obtained by loading gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), produced by pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL), on a new nitrogen-doped graphene platform (G-NH2). The graphene platform was synthesized by direct delamination and chemical functionalization of graphite flakes with 4-methyl-2-p-nitrophenyl oxazolone, followed by reduction of p-nitrophenyl groups. Finally, the G-NH2/Au SERS platform was prepared by using the conventional aerography spraying technique. SERS properties of G-NH2/Au were tested using Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) and Dopamine (DA) as molecular probes. Raman features of Rh6G and DA are still detectable for concentration values down to 1 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6 M respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Giuseppe Mineo
- Department of Chemical, Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes-National Research Council (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
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