|
1
|
Piazza A, Carlone R, Spencer GE. Non-canonical retinoid signaling in neural development, regeneration and synaptic function. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371135. [PMID: 38516042 PMCID: PMC10954794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical retinoid signaling via nuclear receptors and gene regulation is critical for the initiation of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, patterning and neurite outgrowth, but also mediates nerve regeneration and synaptic functions in adult nervous systems. In addition to canonical transcriptional regulation, retinoids also exert rapid effects, and there are now multiple lines of evidence supporting non-canonical retinoid actions outside of the nucleus, including in dendrites and axons. Together, canonical and non-canonical retinoid signaling provide the precise temporal and spatial control necessary to achieve the fine cellular coordination required for proper nervous system function. Here, we examine and discuss the evidence supporting non-canonical actions of retinoids in neural development and regeneration as well as synaptic function, including a review of the proposed molecular mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
García-Padilla C, Muñoz-Gallardo MDM, Lozano-Velasco E, Castillo-Casas JM, Caño-Carrillo S, García-López V, Aránega A, Franco D, García-Martínez V, López-Sánchez C. New Insights into the Roles of lncRNAs as Modulators of Cytoskeleton Architecture and Their Implications in Cellular Homeostasis and in Tumorigenesis. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8020028. [PMID: 35447891 PMCID: PMC9033079 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the cytoskeleton not only in cell architecture but also as a pivotal element in the transduction of signals that mediate multiple biological processes has recently been highlighted. Broadly, the cytoskeleton consists of three types of structural proteins: (1) actin filaments, involved in establishing and maintaining cell shape and movement; (2) microtubules, necessary to support the different organelles and distribution of chromosomes during cell cycle; and (3) intermediate filaments, which have a mainly structural function showing specificity for the cell type where they are expressed. Interaction between these protein structures is essential for the cytoskeletal mesh to be functional. Furthermore, the cytoskeleton is subject to intense spatio-temporal regulation mediated by the assembly and disassembly of its components. Loss of cytoskeleton homeostasis and integrity of cell focal adhesion are hallmarks of several cancer types. Recently, many reports have pointed out that lncRNAs could be critical mediators in cellular homeostasis controlling dynamic structure and stability of the network formed by cytoskeletal structures, specifically in different types of carcinomas. In this review, we summarize current information available about the roles of lncRNAs as modulators of actin dependent cytoskeleton and their impact on cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we explore other examples of cytoskeletal lncRNAs currently unrelated to tumorigenesis, to illustrate knowledge about them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Padilla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.-P.); (C.L.-S.)
| | - María del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Fundación Medina, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Sheila Caño-Carrillo
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Virginio García-López
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Amelia Aránega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Fundación Medina, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (M.d.M.M.-G.); (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Fundación Medina, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio García-Martínez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.-P.); (C.L.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Inhibition of RhoA and Cdc42 by miR-133a Modulates Retinoic Acid Signalling during Early Development of Posterior Cardiac Tube Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084179. [PMID: 35456995 PMCID: PMC9025022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that multiple microRNAs play crucial roles in cardiovascular development, including miR-133a. Additionally, retinoic acid regulates atrial marker expression. In order to analyse the role of miR-133a as a modulator of retinoic acid signalling during the posterior segment of heart tube formation, we performed functional experiments with miR-133a and retinoic acid by means of microinjections into the posterior cardiac precursors of both primitive endocardial tubes in chick embryos. Subsequently, we subjected embryos to whole mount in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry and qPCR analysis. Our results demonstrate that miR-133a represses RhoA and Cdc42, as well as Raldh2/Aldh1a2, and the specific atrial markers Tbx5 and AMHC1, which play a key role during differentiation. Furthermore, we observed that miR-133a upregulates p21 and downregulates cyclin A by repressing RhoA and Cdc42, respectively, thus functioning as a cell proliferation inhibitor. Additionally, retinoic acid represses miR-133a, while it increases Raldh2, Tbx5 and AMHC1. Given that RhoA and Cdc42 are involved in Raldh2 expression and that they are modulated by miR-133a, which is influenced by retinoic acid signalling, our results suggest the presence of a negative feedback mechanism between miR-133a and retinoic acid during early development of the posterior cardiac tube segment. Despite additional unexplored factors being possible contributors to this negative feedback mechanism, miR-133a might also be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of cardiac diseases.
Collapse
|